Ultrasonic Methods in Solid State Physics

1st Edition - January 1, 1969
Authors: Rohn Truell, Charles Elbaum, Bruce B. Chick
Language: English
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 1 - 4 8 3 2 - 7 5 9 9 - 4

Ultrasonic Methods in Solid State Physics is devoted to studies of energy loss and velocity of ultrasonic waves which have a bearing on present-day problems in solid-state physics.… Read more

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Ultrasonic Methods in Solid State Physics is devoted to studies of energy loss and velocity of ultrasonic waves which have a bearing on present-day problems in solid-state physics. The discussion is particularly concerned with the type of investigation that can be carried out in the megacycle range of frequencies from a few megacycles to kilomegacycles; it deals almost entirely with short-duration pulse methods rather than with standing-wave methods. The book opens with a chapter on a classical treatment of wave propagation in solids. This is followed by separate chapters on methods and techniques of ultrasonic pulse echo measurements, and the physics of ultrasonically measurable properties of solids. It is hoped that this book will provide the reader with the special background necessary to read critically the many research papers and special articles concerned with the use of ultrasonic methods in solid state physics. The book is intended to help the person beginning work in this field. At the same time, it will also be useful to those actively involved in such work. An attempt has been made to provide a fairly general and unified treatment suitable for graduate students and others without extensive experience.

PrefaceIntroductionChapter 1. Propagation of Stress Waves in Solids 1. Introduction 2. Stress, Strain, and Displacement Relations 3. Equations of Motion and Solutions 4. Propagation Directions and Velocities 5. Energy and Energy Flux 6. Scattering Relations 7. Orientation Dependence of Stress Waves in Single Crystals 8. Explicit Expressions for Fractional Velocity Change as Function of Misorientation for Several Crystal Systems 9. Some Numerical Results for Misorientation Effects in Cubic Crystals 10. Energy Flux Associated with Stress Waves 11. Stress Waves in Piezoelectric Crystals 12. Nonlinear or Anharmonic EffectsChapter 2. Measurement of Attenuation and Velocity by Pulse Methods 13. The Pulse Echo Method 14. Definitions of the Attenuation α, of the Decrement δ, and of the Dissipation Q 15. Methods of Measuring Attenuation 16. Coupling with Two Transducers (through Transmission) 17. Coupling Losses 18. Velocity Measurements 19. Systems for Velocity Measurements 20. Measurement Losses 21. Diffraction Losses 22. Nonparallelism and Wedging Effects 23. Effects of Wedging of Elastic Properties 24. The Spectrum Analyzer and Its Uses 25. Specific Application of the Spectrum Analyzer: Factors Affecting the Spectrum 26. Attenuation Equipment Considerations 27. Velocity Equipment Considerations 28. Microwave Ultrasonic EquipmentChapter 3. Causes of Losses and Associated Velocity Changes 29. Introduction to Loss Interactions I. Scattering 30. Statement of the Problem 31. Scattering Cross Section and Attenuation 32. Calculation of Scattering Cross Sections 33. Numerical Calculations of Scattering Cross Sections 34. Multiple Scattering and Scattering Density II. Thermoelastic Effects 35. Physical Description of the Effect 36. Phenomenological Analysis 37. Attenuation and Velocity Changes Due to the Thermoelastic Effect 38. Calculations for Cubic and Hexagonal Crystals III. Dislocation Damping 39. Description of the Model for Dislocation Damping 40. Equations of Motion and Solutions 41. Attenuation and Velocity 42. Distribution of Dislocation Loop Lengths 43. Strain Amplitude Effects 44. Thermal Effects in Dislocation Damping 45. Anomalous Ultrasonic Velocity Effects Associated with Dislocation Behavior 46. The Generation of Harmonics in Crystalline Solids Due to Dislocations 47. Some Selected Experimental Results 48. Bordoni Peaks 49. The Kink Model of Dislocation Damping IV. Magnetoelastic Interactions 50. Stress Wave Interaction with Magnetic Domain Walls: Experimental Results 51. Outline of an Analytical Approach to Domain Wall Motion 52. Interaction of Spin Waves and Ultrasonic Waves in Ferromagnetic Crystals 53. Experimental Observations concerning Spin Waves and Ultrasonic Waves V. Stress Wave Interaction with Conduction Electrons in Metals 54. Conditions for Interaction 55. More Complete Classical Interpretation 56. Quantum-Mechanical Interpretation 57. Influence of Magnetic Field 58. Application to Fermi Surface Study 59. Application to Superconductivity Study VI. Ultrasonic Stress Wave Interaction with Thermal Waves: Phonon-Phonon Interaction 60. Description of the Problem 61. Experimental Situation 62. Theoretical Situation and Calculation of Attenuation VII. Stress Wave Interactions with Nuclear Spin Systems 63. Preliminary Remarks 64. Conditions for Interaction 65. The Ultrasonic Attenuation Coefficient 66. Coupling through the Dynamic Electric Quadrupole Moment VIII. Stress Wave Interaction with Electron Spins of Paramagnetic Centers 67. Stress Waves and Electron Spin Level Transitions IX. Stress Waves and Electrical Phenomena in Piezoelectric Crystals 68. Wave Propagation in Piezoelectric Semiconductors 69. Light-Sensitive Ultrasonic Attenuation in CdS 70. Ultrasonic Amplification in CdS X. Acoustoelectric Effect in Semiconductors 71. General DescriptionAppendix A. Elastic Constants of Trigonal Crystals (Al2O3)Appendix B. Fractional Velocity Changes and Eigenvectors Associated with Section 8Appendix C. Sample Preparation, Transducer and Bond ConsiderationsAppendix D. Some Useful Physical Constants for Various Crystalline SolidsAppendix E. Automatic Attenuation Measurement SystemAppendix F. Automatic Time Measurement SystemAppendix G. Evaluation of Coefficients in Scattering Cross Section for Transverse WavesAppendix H. Numerical Computation of Normalized Cross Sections yNAppendix I. Method of the Boltzmann Transport EquationAppendix J. Quantum-Mechanical Treatment of Attenuation by the Three Phonon ProcessReferencesAuthor IndexSubject Index