Ultrahigh-Pressure Metamorphism

Ultrahigh Pressure Metamorphism (UHPM) is a fast growing discipline that was established 25 years ago after discoveries of high pressure minerals, coesite and diamonds. The current explosion of research on UHMP terranes reflects their significance for understanding large scale mantle dynamics, major elements of plate tectonics such as continental collisions, deep subduction and exhumation, mountains building, geochemical recycling 'from surface to the core', and a deep storage of light elements participating in green-house effects in the atmosphere. This book provides insights into the formation of diamond and coesite at very high pressures and explores new ideas regarding the tectonic setting of this style of metamorphism.

• Important, authoritative and comprehensive one-stop resource for the growing ultrahigh pressure metamorphism UHPM research community
• A forward-looking approach founded upon a detailed historical perspective on UHPM presents the trends in discovery, methodology and theory over the last 25 years, allowing readers to gain a clear understanding of the current trends and the approaches that will shape the science in the future
• A highly diverse set of articles, covering a wide range of methods and sub-disciplines

Geologists and geological survey, mining and resources planning workers

Preface

List of Contributors

Reviewers

1. Frontiers of Ultrahigh-Pressure Metamorphism

1.1. Introduction

1.2. Main Achievements: 25 Years On

1.3. Further Directions

1.4. Looking Forward

2. Diamond–Lonsdaleite–Graphite Relations Examined by Raman Mapping of Carbon Microinclusions inside Zircon at Kumdy Kol, Kokchetav, Kazakhstan

2.1. Introduction

2.2. Geological Setting

2.3. Analytical Procedures

2.4. Results

2.5. Discussion

2.6. Conclusions

3. Diamond and Other Possible Ultradeep Evidence Discovered in the Orogenic Spinel-Garnet Peridotite from the Moldanubian Zone of the Bohemian Massif, Czech Republic

3.1. Introduction

3.2. Geological Settings and Some Backgrounds

3.3. Petrography and Mineral Chemistry

3.4. Experimental

3.5. Varying Crystallinity of Graphite

3.6. Diamond

3.7. Crystal Orientation Relationship Between Clinopyroxene Lamellae and Host Chromian Spinel

3.8. Discussion

3.9. Conclusions

4. Diamond Formation from Amorphous Carbon and Graphite in the Presence of COH Fluids

4.1. Introduction

4.2. Materials and Methods

4.3. Results

4.4. Discussion

5. Origin of High-Pressure Disordered Metastable Phases (Lonsdaleite and Incipiently Amorphized Quartz) in Metamorphic Rocks

5.1. Introduction

5.2. Quartz Incipiently Amorphized Under Pressure

5.3. Lonsdaleite

5.4. Discussion

5.5. Conclusion

6. Origin and Metamorphic Evolution of Garnet Clinopyroxenite from the Sulu UHP Terrane, China

6.1. Introduction

6.2. Geological Outline

6.3. Sample Description

6.4. Analytical Methods

6.5. Chemical Composition of Whole Rock

6.6. Mineral Composition

6.7. Mineral Lamellae in Clinopyroxene and EBSD Patterns

6.8. Pressure–Temperature Conditions

6.9. Discussion

6.10. Conclusions

7. The Correlation Between Raman Spectra and the Mineral Composition of Muscovite and Phengite

7.1. Introduction

7.2. Experimental Methods

7.3. Results

7.4. Discussion

7.5. Application

7.6. Conclusions

8. Increasing Chlorinity in Fluids Along the Prograde Metamorphic Path

8.1. Introduction

8.2. Geological Setting and Outcrop Description

8.3. Descriptions of Samples and Occurrence of Apatite

8.4. Compositions of Apatite and Phengite

8.5. P–T Conditions

8.6. Discussion

8.7. Conclusions

9. Trace Element and O-Isotope Composition of Polyphase Metamorphic Veins of the Ile de Groix (Armorican Massif, France)

9.1. Introduction

9.2. Geological Context

9.3. Analytical Techniques

9.4. Sampling

9.5. Petrology of the Veins

9.6. Host Rock Composition

9.7. Mineral Major and Trace Element Chemistry

9.8. Oxygen Isotope Compositions

9.9. Calculation of Fluid Trace Element Composition

9.10. Discussion

9.11. Conclusions

10. Geochronology of the Alpine UHP Rhodope Zone

10.1. Introduction

10.2. Overview of the Rhodope Zone

10.3. Selection of the Most Relevant Geochronological Data for the Rhodope Zone

10.4. Geochronological Data on Metamorphism

10.5. Premetamorphic Geochronological Data

10.6. Discussion

11. Coherence of the Dabie Shan UHPM Terrane Investigated by Lu–Hf and 40Ar/39Ar Dating of Eclogites

11.1. Introduction

11.2. Geological Setting and Sample Selection

11.3. Analytical Techniques

11.4. Results

11.5. Discussion

11.6. Conclusions

12. Distribution and Geological Position of High-/Ultrahigh-Pressure Units Within the European Variscan Belt

12.1. Introduction

12.2. Major Suture Zones in the European Variscan Belt

12.3. Bohemian Massif

12.4. Vosges and Schwarzwald

12.5. The French Massif Central

12.6. The Armorican Massif

12.7. Iberian Massif

12.8. Variscan HP Rocks in the External Crystalline Massifs and Occurring in the Alpine Nappe-Thrust Belt

12.9. Summary and Discussion

13. Ultramafic Cumulates of Oceanic Affinity in an Intracontinental Subduction Zone

13.1. Introduction

13.2. Samples

13.3. Analytical Techniques

13.4. Whole-Rock Chemistry

13.5. Mineral Chemistry

13.6. Discussion

13.7. Conclusions

14. Very High-Pressure Epidote Eclogite from Ross River Area, Yukon, Canada, Records Deep Subduction

14.1. Introduction

14.2. Tectonic Setting of Eclogites

14.3. Petrography

14.4. Analytical Conditions

14.5. Geothermobarometry

14.6. Discussion

15. HP–UHP Metamorphic Belts in the Eastern Tethyan Orogenic System in China

15.1. Introduction

15.2. HP–UHP Metamorphic Belts of the Eastern Tethyan System in China

15.3. HP–UHP Metamorphic Belts in the Proto-Tethyan Orogen

15.4. HP–UHP Metamorphism in the Paleo-Tethyan Orogenic Belt

15.5. HP–UHP Metamorphic Rocks Within the Neo-Tethyan Orogenic Belt

15.6. The Formation and Exhumation Dynamics of HP–UHP Metamorphic Belts in the Eastern Tethyan Orogenic Belt in China

15.7. Conclusions

16. Orogenic Garnet Peridotites

16.1. Introduction

16.2. A Conceptual Model Illustrating How Orogenic Garnet Peridotite Can Be Used to Reconstruct Fossil Geodynamic Environments

16.3. A Test of the Feasibility of the Model in Scandinavia and China

16.4. Discussion and Conclusions

17. Petrology, Geochemistry, Geochronology, and Metamorphic Evolution of Garnet Peridotites from South Altyn Tagh UHP Terrane, Northwestern China

17.1. Introduction

17.2. Geologic Background

17.3. Petrography

17.4. Bulk-Rock Composition

17.5. Zircon U–Pb Dating and Hf Isotope Compositions

17.6. Mineral Chemistry

17.7. Textural and Metamorphic Evolution

17.8. P–T Estimates and P–T Path

17.9. Genesis of the Grt Peridotites and its Tectonic Implications

17.10. Conclusions

18. Metamorphic Evolution of the Gridino Mafic Dyke Swarm (Belomorian Eclogite Province, Russia)

18.1. Introduction

18.2. Geological Setting

18.3. Methods

18.4. Sample Description

18.5. Discussion

18.6. Conclusions

19. The Salma Eclogites of the Belomorian Province, Russia

19.1. Introduction

19.2. Geological Background and Field Occurrence of Eclogites

19.3. Analytical Methods

19.4. Major- and Trace-Element Chemistry

19.5. Petrography and Mineral Chemistry

19.6. Geochronology

19.7. Results

19.8. Discussion

19.9. Conclusions