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Treatise on Water Science
1st Edition - September 1, 2010
Editor: Peter A. Wilderer
Language: English
Hardback ISBN:9780444531933
9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 4 - 5 3 1 9 3 - 3
eBook ISBN:9780444531995
9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 4 - 5 3 1 9 9 - 5
Water quality and management are of great significance globally, as the demand for clean, potable water far exceeds the availability. Water science research brings together the…Read more
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Water quality and management are of great significance globally, as the demand for clean, potable water far exceeds the availability. Water science research brings together the natural and applied sciences, engineering, chemistry, law and policy, and economics, and the Treatise on Water Science seeks to unite these areas through contributions from a global team of author-experts. The 4-volume set examines topics in depth, with an emphasis on innovative research and technologies for those working in applied areas.
Published in partnership with and endorsed by the International Water Association (IWA), demonstrating the authority of the content
Editor-in-Chief Peter Wilderer, a Stockholm Water Prize recipient, has assembled a world-class team of volume editors and contributing authors
Topics related to water resource management, water quality and supply, and handling of wastewater are treated in depth
Oceanographers, engineers, advanced students and others whose work concerns water research; water supply/utility companies; government agencies tasked with environmental resource management; and environmental science libraries
Editor-in-Chief
Editors
The Importance of Water Science in a World of Rapid Change: A Preface to the Treatise on Water Science
Volume 1: Management of Water Resources
Preface – Management of Water Resources
1 The Water Crisis
2 Why Studying Water Is So Important
3 Current Global Water Balance
4 Establishing Water Policy
5 Predicting Future Demands for Water
6 Drivers of Socioeconomic Growth
7 Transboundary Conflicts
8 River Basin Politics
9 The Contents of Volume I
References
1.01. Integrated Water Resources Management
1.01.1 Introduction
1.01.2 IWRM at the Watershed Level: Watershed Management
1.01.3 IWRM at the Water-Use Systems Level: Agricultural Water Management
1.01.4 IWRM at the Water-Use Systems Level: Water Supply and Sanitation Services
1.01.5 IWRM at the Basin Level
1.01.6 IWRM at the National Level: Policies and Governance
1.01.7 IWRM at the Transnational and Global Level: Information Sharing, Cooperation, and Technical and Financial Assistance
1.01.8 IWRM as a Meta-Concept
1.01.9 History and Evolution of the Concept of IWRM
1.01.10 Assessments and Critiques of the Concept of IWRM
References
Relevant Websites
1.02. Governing Water: Institutions, Property Rights, and Sustainability
1.02.1 Introduction
1.02.2 International Organizations and Water Policy Debate
1.02.3 Governing Water from the Ground Up
1.02.4 Courts: Hiding in Plain View
1.02.5 Conclusion: Reconceptualizing Water Governance
References
1.03. Managing Aquatic Ecosystems
1.03.1 Introduction
1.03.2 Key Concepts
1.03.3 Distribution and Classification of Aquatic Ecosystems
1.03.4 Drivers of Change in Inland Aquatic Ecosystems
1.03.5 Management Responses
1.03.6 Conclusions
References
Relevant Websites
1.04. Water as an Economic Good: Old and New Concepts and Implications for Analysis and Implementation
1.04.1 Introduction
1.04.2 Challenge One: Revisiting the Old Issue of the Indirect Effects of Investments in Major Water Projects
1.04.3 Challenge Two: Managing Water as a Scarce Resource
1.04.4 Conclusions
References
1.05. Providing Clean Water: Evidence from Randomized Evaluations
1.05.1 Introduction
1.05.2 Water Quantity
1.05.3 Water Quality
1.05.4 Nonprice Determinants of Clean Water Adoption
1.05.5 Potentially Scalable Approaches to Improving Water Quality
1.05.6 Methods and Theory: Contributions of Randomized Evaluations of Domestic Water
1.05.7 Conclusion
References
1.06. Pricing Water and Sanitation Services
1.06.1 Introduction
1.06.2 The Costs of Providing W&S Services
1.06.3 W&S Development Paths
1.06.4 Objectives of Tariff Design
1.06.5 Tariff Structures – the Alternatives
1.06.6 Achieving Economic Efficiency and Recovering Capital Costs: Fundamentals of Dynamic Marginal Cost Pricing in the W&S Sector
1.06.7 Subsidizing Capital Costs: Reaching the Poor
1.06.8 Concluding Remarks
References
1.07. Groundwater Management
1.07.1 Introduction
1.07.2 The Global Silent Revolution of Intensive Groundwater Use
1.07.3 The Economics of Groundwater Use
1.07.4 Regulatory Frameworks for Groundwater Multilevel Governance
1.07.5 Institutional Aspects of Groundwater Management
1.07.6 The Complex Concept of Groundwater Sustainability and Future Management Issues
1.07.7 Conclusion
References
Relevant Websites
1.08. Managing Agricultural Water
1.08.1 Introduction and Overview
1.08.2 Water Productivity in Agriculture
1.08.3 Water Management and Competitiveness
1.08.4 Water Resource Management, Institutions, and Implementation
1.08.5 Water Management and the Environment
1.08.6 Water for Agriculture and Poverty Reduction
1.08.7 Water Management of Rainfed Agriculture
1.08.8 Policy Actions for the Future
1.08.9 Summary
References
Relevant Website
1.09. Implementation of Ambiguous Water-Quality Policies
1.09.1 Nonpoint Sources and the CWA
1.09.2 Intrastate Cases
1.09.3 Interstate Nonpoint Management
1.09.4 Summary and Conclusions
References
1.10. Predicting Future Demands for Water
1.10.1 Water Supply and Demand
1.10.2 Water-Use Data
1.10.3 Water-Demand Relationships
1.10.4 Demand Forecasting Techniques
1.10.5 Example of a Regional Multisector Forecast
1.10.6 Conclusion
References
1.11. Risk Assessment, Risk Management, and Communication: Methods for Climate Variability and Change
1.11.1 Introduction
1.11.2 Background on Risk Assessment and Management
1.11.3 Risk Management versus Consequence Management: The Upside of Risk
1.11.4 Climate Risk
1.11.5 Conclusion
References
Volume 2: The Science of Hydrology
Preface – The Science of Hydrology
References
2.01. Global Hydrology
2.01.1 Introduction
2.01.2 Global Water Cycle
2.01.3 Global Water-Balance Requirements
2.01.4 Global Water Balance
2.01.5 Challenges in the Global Hydrology and Research Gaps
References
2.02. Precipitation
2.02.1 Introduction
2.02.2 Physical and Meteorological Framework
2.02.3 Precipitation Observation and Measurement
2.02.4 Precipitation modeling
2.02.5 Precipitation and Engineering Design
References
Relevant Websites
2.03. Evaporation in the Global Hydrological Cycle
2.03.1 Introduction
2.03.2 General Theory of Evaporation
2.03.3 Regional and Equilibrium Evaporation
2.03.4 Trends and Variability in Global Evaporation
2.03.5 Summary and Conclusions
References
2.04. Interception
2.04.1 Introduction
2.04.2 Importance of Interception
2.04.3 Types of Interception
2.04.4 Methods to Measure Interception
2.04.5 Interception Models
2.04.6 Consequences of Underestimating Interception for Hydrological Modeling and Water Resource Assessment
2.04.7 Outlook
References
2.05. Infiltration and Unsaturated Zone
2.05.1 Introduction
2.05.2 Soil Properties and Unsaturated Water Flow
2.05.3 Infiltration Equations
2.05.4 Measurements
2.05.5 Scaling and Spatial Variability Considerations
2.05.6 Summary and Conclusions
References
Relevant Websites
Mechanics of Groundwater Flow
2.06.1 Introduction
2.06.2 Brief History
2.06.3 Hydraulic Head
2.06.4 Darcy’s Law
2.06.5 Steady Conservation of Mass
2.06.6 Flow Types
2.06.7 The Dupuit Approximation
2.06.8 Potential Flow and the Discharge Vector
2.06.9 One-Dimensional Flow
2.06.10 One-Dimensional Radial Flow
2.06.11 The Principle of Superposition
2.06.12 The Stream Function and the Complex Potential
2.06.13 Transient Flow
2.06.14 Computer Models
2.06.15 Discussion
References
Relevant Websites
2.07. The Hydrodynamics and Morphodynamics of Rivers
2.07.1 Early History of Hydrodynamics and Morphodynamics in Rivers and Channels
2.07.2 State of the Art in Hydrodynamics and Morphodynamics
References
Relevant Websites
2.08. Lakes and Reservoirs
2.08.1 Morphometry, Hydrodynamics, Chemistry, and Biology of Lakes
2.08.2 Fundamental Properties of Reservoirs
2.08.3 Management, Protection, and Rehabilitation of Lakes and Reservoirs
2.08.4 Current Knowledge Gaps and Future Research Needs
References
2.09. Tracer Hydrology
2.09.1 Introduction
2.09.2 Principal Conception and Approaches of Tracer Hydrology
2.09.3 Fundamentals of Environmental and Artificial Tracers
2.09.4 Tracer Hydrology Applications
2.09.5 Concluding Remarks
References
2.10. Hydrology and Ecology of River Systems
2.10.1 Introduction
2.10.2 Key Hydrological Characteristics of River Networks
2.10.3 River-Corridor Dynamics
2.10.4 Aquatic Ecosystems
2.10.5 Managing River Flows to Protect Riverine Ecosystems
References
2.11. Hydrology and Biogeochemistry Linkages
2.11.1 Introduction
2.11.2 Hydrological Pathways on Drainage Basin Slopes
2.11.3 Mountain Environments
2.11.4 Within-River Processes
2.11.5 Wetland Processes
2.11.6 Lakes
2.11.7 Groundwater
2.11.8 Acidic Atmospheric Deposition – Acid Rain
2.11.9 Summary and Future Considerations
2.11.10 Additional Reading
References
2.12. Catchment Erosion, Sediment Delivery, and Sediment Quality
2.12.1 A Changing Context
2.12.2 Sediment Budgets
2.12.3 Documenting Catchment Sediment Budgets
2.12.4 Modeling the Catchment Sediment Budget
2.12.5 The Quality Dimension
References
Relevant Websites
2.13. Field-Based Observation of Hydrological Processes
2.13.1 Runoff Generation Processes
2.13.2 Quantifying the Processes
2.13.3 Conclusion
References
2.14. Observation of Hydrological Processes Using Remote Sensing
2.14.1 General introduction
2.14.2 Water in the Atmosphere: Clouds and Water Vapor
2.14.3 Water from the Atmosphere: Precipitation
2.14.4 Water to the Atmosphere – Evaporation
2.14.5 Water on the Land – Snow and Ice
2.14.6 Water on the Land – Surface Water, River Flows, and Wetlands (Altimetry)
2.14.7 Water in the Ground – Soil Moisture
2.14.8 Water in the Ground – Groundwater (Gravity Observations)
2.14.9 Optical RS of Water Quality in Inland and Coastal Waters
2.14.10 Water Use in Agro- and Ecosystems
References
Relevant Websites
2.15. Hydrogeophysics
2.15.1 Introduction to Hydrogeophysics
2.15.2 Geophysical Methods
2.15.3 Petrophysical Models
2.15.4 Parameter Estimation/Integration Methods
2.15.5 Case Studies
2.15.6 Summary and Outlook
References
2.16. Hydrological Modeling
2.16.1 Introduction
2.16.2 Classification of Hydrological Models
2.16.3 Conceptual Models
2.16.4 Physically Based Models
2.16.5 Parameter Estimation
2.16.6 Data-Driven Models
2.16.7 Analysis of Uncertainty in Hydrological Modeling
2.16.8 Integration of Models
2.16.9 Future Issues in Hydrological Modeling
References
Relevant Websites
2.17. Uncertainty of Hydrological Predictions
2.17.1 Introduction
2.17.2 Definitions and Terminology
2.17.3 Classification of Uncertainty and Reasons for the Presence of Uncertainty in Hydrology
2.17.4 Uncertainty Assessment
2.17.5 Classification of Approaches to Uncertainty Assessment
2.17.6 Assessment of the Global Uncertainty of the Model Output
2.17.7 Assessment of Data Uncertainty
2.17.8 Assessment of Parameter Uncertainty
2.17.9 Assessment of Model Structural Uncertainty
2.17.10 Uncertainty Assessment as a Learning Process
2.17.11 Conclusions
References
Relevant Websites
2.18. Statistical Hydrology
2.18.1 Introduction
2.18.2 Analysis and Detection of Nonstationarity in Hydrological Time Series
2.18.3 Extreme Value Analysis: Distribution Functions and Statistical Inference
2.18.4 IDF Curves
2.18.5 Copula Function for Hydrological Application
2.18.6 Regional Frequency Analysis
References
Relevant Websites
2.19. Scaling and Regionalization in Hydrology
2.19.1 Introduction
2.19.2 The Linear Statistical Approach
2.19.3 Scaling in Hydrology
2.19.4 Regionalization in Hydrology
2.19.5 Concluding Remarks
References
2.20. Stream–Groundwater Interactions
2.20.1 Introduction
2.20.2 Hydrology – Range of Interactions
2.20.3 Chemical and Ecological Significance
2.20.4 Field Study Methods and Models
2.20.5 Summary and Future Challenges
References
Relevant Websites
Volume 3: Aquatic Chemistry and Biology
Preface – Aquatic Chemistry and Biology
The World of Aquatic Chemistry and Microbiology
3.01. Sum Parameters: Potential and Limitations
3.01.1 Introduction
3.01.2 General Considerations and Scope
3.01.3 DOC and TOC
3.01.4 Oxygen Demand Parameters
3.01.5 UVA and Visible Range Absorbance
3.01.6 Organically Bound Halogens Adsorbable on Activated Carbon (AOX)
3.01.7 Additional Sum Parameters
References
Trace Metal(loid)s (As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, PGE, Sb, and Zn) and Their Species
3.02.1 Introduction
3.02.2 Natural Waters and Anthropogenic Influence
3.02.3 Selected Elements
3.02.4 Conclusions
References
3.03. Sources, Risks, and Mitigation of Radioactivity in Water
3.03.1 Introduction
3.03.2 Establishing Limits on the Risk from Radionuclides
3.03.3 Specific Radionuclides of Interest
3.03.4 Mitigation Methods
3.03.5 Geographic Areas of Special Concern
3.03.6 Measuring Radioactivity in Water
3.03.7 Conclusions
Reference
3.04. Emerging Contaminants
3.04.1 Introduction
3.04.2 General Aspects: What Are the Emerging Contaminants and Micro-Pollutants?
3.04.3 Parent Compounds, Metabolites, and Transformation Products
3.04.4 A High Diversity of Chemicals Is Present in the Aquatic Environment