Translational Glycobiology in Human Health and Disease

1st Edition - November 29, 2023
Editors: Michelle Kilcoyne, Lokesh Joshi
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 1 9 6 5 5 - 7
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 2 2 0 0 2 - 3

Along with nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids, carbohydrates stand as one of four main components of cellular architecture. However, glycobiology (or carbohydrate bioscience) is… Read more

Translational Glycobiology in Human Health and Disease

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Along with nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids, carbohydrates stand as one of four main components of cellular architecture. However, glycobiology (or carbohydrate bioscience) is little understood by non-experts, partly because carbohydrates are a complex, diverse class of molecules structurally and functionally. In recent years, advances in computational analytics (glycomics) have allowed us to better interpret and realize the importance of glycobiology in human health and disease, and glycans and their associated processes have been shown to play a significant role across a variety of disease types. As the biomedical sciences continue to adopt multi-omic and precision medicine approaches, a greater understanding of glycobiology is essential for maintaining healthy physiology and advancing disease treatment.

Translational Glycobiology in Human Health and Disease offers a deep examination of glycobiology for experts and non-experts alike in areas ranging from the role of glycobiology in chronic and infectious diseases to advances in technologies for higher throughput analysis and diagnosis. While keeping human health in the forefront, this book integrates a thorough discussion of glycobiology fundamentals with its growing areas of application and societal impact. With emphasis throughout on the interdisciplinary nature of glycosciences, this book also features perspectives from the health, computational (glycoanalytics), materials, biopharmaceutical, and diagnostic sciences.

Disease and speciality areas addressed include gycoimmunology, neuroglycobiology, commensal glycobiology, gut health, regenerative medicine and glycobiology, glycobiology and cancer, congenital disorders of glycosylation, infectious disease glycobiology, and parasite glycobiology. Computational approaches discussed, supporting the advance of new research, include advanced glycoanalytics, glycomics microarrays, glycoengineering, and glycol systems biology. Additionally, authors consider impact areas for society and public health, such as glycobiology and entrepreneurship, policy and regulatory requirements for glycosylation, future research, and translation to new diagnostics and drug discovery.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
List of contributors
Introduction
Section 1. Glycobiology
Chapter 1. Carbohydrates and human glycosylation
1.1. Introduction
1.2. Glycoconjugate structures
1.3. Nonhuman carbohydrates
1.4. Recycling of monosaccharides
1.5. Glycosylation and the exracellular matrix
1.6. Conclusion
Chapter 2. Lectins and their applications in biomedical research
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Plant lectins
2.3. Applications of lectins in biomedical research
2.4. Conclusions
Chapter 3. Carbohydrate-active enzymes
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Glycosyltransferases
3.3. Glycosidases
Chapter 4. Carbohydrate sulfotransferases in glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Two carbohydrate sulfotransferases superfamilies
4.3. Glycosaminoglycan sulfotransferases
4.4. Biomedical applications of sulfated glycosaminoglycans
Section 2. Glycobiology and health
Chapter 5. The immune system from a glycobiological point of view
5.1. The immune system beyond pathogens: dissecting dangerous self and nonself signals
5.2. The sweet side of the immune system
5.3. Cellular immunity
5.4. Adaptive immune response: B cells from a glycobiological perspective
5.5. Complement: the soluble component of innate immunity
5.6. Conclusions
Chapter 6. Host mucin glycosylation and gut symbiosis
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Mucin glycosylation along the GI tract
6.3. Role of mucin glycosylation in symbiosis: a bidirectional relationship
6.4. Mucin glycan utilization strategies by gut bacteria
6.5. Implication of mucin glycosylation in dysbiosis-mediated diseases
6.6. Future directions
Chapter 7. Bifidobacteria-accessible carbohydrates in milk
7.1. Introduction
7.2. General features of bifidobacteria HMO metabolism
7.3. Milk glycoconjugate metabolism
7.4. Conclusions
Chapter 8. Extracellular vesicle glycosylation in transport, signaling, and function
8.1. A short introduction to extracellular vesicles
8.2. The beginning of the EV gold rush
8.3. The challenges of EV glycobiological analysis
8.4. Human EV glycome
8.5. Glycans in EV function
8.6. In closing, EV glycosylation and future prospects
Section 3. Glycobiology and disease
Chapter 9. Protein glycosylation in cancer
9.1. Introduction
9.2. Hexosamine biosynthetic pathway and cancer
9.3. O-GlcNAcylation and cancer
9.4. N-glycosylation in cancer
9.5. O-linked N-acetylgalactosamine in cancer
9.6. N- and O-linked glycan capping in cancer
9.7. Sialic acid in tumor biology
9.8. Proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans in cancer
9.9. Conclusions
Chapter 10. Metabolic diseases: disorders of carbohydrate metabolism and lysosomal storage
10.1. Introduction
10.2. Disorders of carbohydrate metabolism
10.3. Lysosomal storage diseases
Chapter 11. The glycobiology of microbial infectious disease
11.1. Introduction
11.2. Carbohydrate-involved virulence factors
11.3. Current carbohydrate-based antimicrobial therapeutics and prophylactics
11.4. Current research and development for carbohydrate-based antimicrobial strategies
11.5. Conclusions
Section 4. Glycotechnologies
Chapter 12. Elucidation of the structure of carbohydrates and their interactions by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
12.1. Introduction
12.2. Assignment of carbohydrate resonances
12.3. Study of carbohydrate conformations
12.4. NMR tools for analyzing the interplay between carbohydrates and proteins
Chapter 13. Development of glycosensors and their applications
13.1. Introduction
13.2. Diverse approaches to recognize glycosylation
13.3. Modern analytical technologies applied in glycosensors
13.4. Applications of glycosensors in disease monitoring, diagnostics, and treatment
13.5. Conclusion
Chapter 14. Systems glycoengineering of therapeutic proteins
14.1. Introduction
14.2. Market and impact of glycoengineering on clinical success
14.3. Glycoforms relevant to therapeutic proteins
14.4. Impact of combined glycoengineering inputs on therapeutic proteins
14.5. Applying systems glycoengineering to biomanufacturing
14.6. Systems-level “omics” glycoengineering
14.7. Glycoinformatics and bioinformatics
14.8. Summary and conclusions
Chapter 15. Understanding glycobiology through multiscale molecular dynamics simulations: From basic principles to case studies
15.1. Introduction
15.2. Computational background
15.3. Applications of multiscale MD simulations in glycobiology
15.4. Conclusions
Section 5. Glycobiology and society
Chapter 16. Improving impact: Public involvement in glycobiology research
16.1. Responsible research and innovation
16.2. Terminology for public engagement in research
16.3. Public involvement in research
16.4. I work in a lab, why should the public be involved in my research?
16.5. Evidence for public involvement in research
16.6. Involvement throughout the research cycle
16.7. Where to engage the public
16.8. Summary
Chapter 17. Public health and translational glycobiology
17.1. Introduction: a concise primer on Glycans
17.2. How glycans influence blood transfusions
17.3. How glycans influence microbial infections and interactions
17.4. How glycans influence diabetes and obesity
17.5. How glycans contribute to congenital disorders
17.6. Closing thoughts
Index

Michelle Kilcoyne

Dr. Michelle Kilcoyne is Lecturer in Glycosciences at the National University of Ireland Galway. Dr. Michelle Kilcoyne completed her PhD in analytical carbohydrate chemistry in the School of Chemistry at NUI Galway in 2004, specialising in structural analysis of bacterial polysaccharides. She then took up a postdoctoral position in Arizona State University where she further specialised in mass spectrometry and HPLC, as well as expanding her interests to mammalian glycosylation. She returned as a postdoctoral researcher to NUI Galway in 2007 working on industry-supported and European projects, developing high throughput platforms for carbohydrate profiling. In 2014 Dr. Kilcoyne was appointed Lecturer in Glycosciences, is currently a member of Discipline of Microbiology at NUI Galway and leads the Carbohydrate Signalling Group. She is the recipient of a Royal Society of Chemistry Analytical Chemistry Trust Fund Fellowship for 2018. Her main interests are in glycoanalytics, novel glycomics platform development and carbohydrate-mediated host-microbe interactions.

Affiliations and expertise

Lecturer in Glycosciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland

Lokesh Joshi

Prof. Lokesh Joshi is Director of the Advanced Glycoscience Research Cluster and leader of the Glycoscience Group at NUI Galway, a Co-Director of CÚRAM, a medical device centre, and the Vice-President for Research at NUI Galway. His principal focus of research is in understanding the roles of glycans and lectins in health and diseases and developing novel technologies for glycomics. Prof. Joshi has been involved in two spin out companies, Arizona Engineered Therapeutics (AzERx) and Aquila Biosciences. The NIH and VC sources funded AzERx to develop peptide-based therapeutics for vascular applications and AzERx was acquired by Orthologic (Now Capstone Therapeutics) in 2006. Aquila Bioscience is a healthcare company working on various projects funded by EI, EU, European Defence Agency and private industries. Prof. Joshi is an SFI-Stokes Professor of Glycosciences and the Irish representative on European Universities Association’s Research Programme Working group.

Affiliations and expertise

Director, Advanced Glycoscience Research Cluster and Leader, Glycoscience Group, NUI Galway, Ireland