Thermomechanics

Editorial Introduction

Preface

Notation


1. Summary of the Newtonian Mechanics of Rigid Bodies


1.1 Distance


1.2 Time


1.3 Velocity


1.4 Acceleration


1.5 Force, Mass, and Momentum


1.6 Weight


1.7 Work and Power


1.8 Work Reaction


1.9 Conservative and Stationary Fields of Force


1.10 Energy


1.11 Additive Nature of Work

References


2. Mechanical Properties of Infinitesimal Elements


2.1 The Continuum


2.2 Density


2.3 Surface Tension


2.4 Stresses


2.5 Pressure

References


3. Temperature and the Zero'th Law


3.1 Thermal Equilibrium


3.2 Zero'th Law of Thermodynamics


3.3 The Thermometer


3.4 Temperature


3.5 Mercury-in-Glass Thermometer


3.6 Continuum Limitations of Temperature

References


4. Units


4.1 Choice of Units


4.2 Time


4.3 Length


4.4 Force and Mass


4.5 Further Derived Mechanical Units


4.6 Temperature


4.7 Current


4.8 Light

References


5. The System of Finite Size


5.1 The System


5.2 The Stress in a Solid


5.3 Tangential Stress in Liquids


5.4 Tangential Stress in Gases


5.5 Variation of Pressure in a Stationary Fluid


5.6 Continuity of Stress


5.7 Temperature


5.8 State and Property Changes


5.9 Classification and Derivation of Properties


5.10 Work


5.11 Evaluation of Work


5.12 Heat


5.13 Algebraic Characteristics of Heat


5.14 Evaluation of Heat


5.15 The Equilibrium State

References


6. The First Law of Thermodynamics


6.1 Cyclic Processes


6.2 First Law of Thermodynamics


6.3 The Measure of J


6.4 Internal Energy


6.5 Work Done by Body Forces


6.6 Application of Electricity

References


7. The Manner of Heat Processes


7.1 The Conduction of Heat


7.2 Temperature Distribution along a Bar


7.3 The Radiation of Heat through a Vacuum


7.4 The Radiation of Heat through an Opaque Medium


7.5 The Rate of a Process


7.6 The Directional Nature of Heat by Conduction

References


8. Application of the First Law of Thermodynamics to Solids


8.1 The Sliding Friction Process


8.2 The Constant Temperature Stressing Process


8.3 The Effect of Hydrostatic Pressure


8.4 Work Done by Gravity


8.5 The Heat Process


8.6 Equations of State


8.7 The Two Property Substance


8.8 The Internal Energy


8.9 Internal Energy of an Elastic Metal


8.10 Internal Energy of Rubber


8.11 Application of the First Law of Thermodynamics to the Stretching of Steel


8.12 Application of the First Law of Thermodynamics to the Stretching of Rubber


8.13 The Rate Equation

References


9. The State of Motionless Fluids


9.1 The Equation of State of Liquids


9.2 The Equation of State of Gases


9.3 The Gas Thermometer


9.4 Partial Pressures


9.5 Pressure Distribution in a Liquid under Gravity


9.6 Forces on Surfaces Immersed in Liquids


9.7 Pressure Distribution in a Gas under Gravity


9.8 The Internal Energy of a Liquid


9.9 The Internal Energy of a Gas


9.10 Components of a Pressure Force


9.11 Pressure Forces on Fluid Volumes

References


10. Mixtures of Phases


10.1 Phase Distinction


10.2 The Liquid-Gas Boundary


10.3 Phase Changes


10.4 Phase Boundaries


10.5 Triple Point


10.6 Critical Point

References


11. The Characteristics of Fluid Motion


11.1 Streamlines


11.2 Pathlines


11.3 Steady and Unsteady Flow


11.4 Fixed and Moving Axes


11.5 Two-Dimensional Flow


11.6 Shear Stress in a Moving Fluid


11.7 Comparison of Normal and Tangential Stresses


11.8 Acceleration Effects


11.9 Pressure in a Moving Fluid


11.10 Rotation in a Moving Fluid


11.11 The Vortex


11.12 Turbulence


11.13 Boundary Layer and Wake Flow


11.14 Compressible and Incompressible Flow

References


12. Conservation of Mass in a Fluid Flow


12.1 Flow through a Streamtube


12.2 Flow through a Control Volume


12.3 Zero Time Derivative


12.4 Mean Velocity


12.5 Application of the Continuity Equation


12.6 Diffusion


12.7 Conservation of Numbers of Particles


12.8 Conservation of Mass


12.9 Coefficients of Diffusion


12.10 The Semipermeable Membrane


12.11 Self-Diffusion

References


13. The Equations Relating Process Phenomena


13.1 Summary of the Basic Equations


13.2 Interaction between Phenomena

References


14. The Momentum Equation for Fluids in Motion


14.1 Flow of an Element of Fluid


14.2 Relative Values of the Terms in the Bernoulli Equation


14.3 Variation of Properties Normal to Streamlines


14.4 Viscous Flow between Plates


14.5 Flow through a Control Volume


14.6 Physical Significance of the Wake


14.7 Unsteadiness in the Flow Past an Aero-Foil


14.8 Angular Momentum for a Control Volume


14.9 Pumping by a Ducted Fan


14.10 Momentum Equation for the Flow with Diffusion

References


15. Application of the First Law of Thermodynamics to Fluids in Motion


15.1 Characteristics of the Infinitesimal Element


15.2 Work Done by Pressures on a Moving Element of Fluid


15.3 Work Done on a Moving Fluid Element by Gravity Forces


15.4 Work Done by Shear Stresses


15.5 Heat Applied to the Element


15.6 The Energy Change of an Element


15.7 The Energy Equation for Steady Flow along a Streamline


15.8 Enthalpy


15.9 The Energy Equation for the Flow through a Control Volume


15.10 The Rate Equation for a Control Volume


15.11 The Energy Relation for Flow with Diffusion

References


16. The Adiabatic Flow


16.1 The Non-Viscous Flow along a Streamline


16.2 Stagnation Properties


16.3 The Compressible Flow Bernoulli Equation


16.4 Flow with Stationary Boundaries


16.5 Volume Change of a Gas


16.6 The Energy Equation for Fluid Machines


16.7 The Use of Mean Quantities


16.8 Inadequacy of the Governing Equations

References

Index