The Science of Victorian Brown Coal

Foreword

Preface

Copyright Acknowledgments


1. Geology and Resources


1 Introduction


2 Geological Occurrence of Victorian Brown Coal Deposits


3. Coal Quality


4 Resources and Reserves


5. Concluding Comments


6. References


2. Petrology


1 Introduction


2 Brown Coal Type


3 Brown Coal Rank


4 Micro-Petrology


5 Palaeobotany


6 Variation in Petrological Characteristics and Physical Properties for Coalfields in The Gippsland and Otway Basins


7 Conclusion


8 References


3. The Water in Brown Coal


1 Introduction


2 The Nature of Water Bonding in Brown Coal


3 Determination of Moisture Content


4 Moisture Holding Capacity and Bed Moisture Content


5 Factors Causing Variation in Bed Moisture Content


6 Brown Coal Drying


7 Moisture and Binderless Briquetting


8 Directions for Future Work on Water in Brown Coal


9 References


4. Physical Structure and Properties of Brown Coal


1 Introduction


2 Physical Structure of Brown Coal and Its Products


3 Physical Properties


4 Rheology of Raw Brown Coal


5 Brown Coal/Water Slurries


6 Densified Brown Coal Products


7 Geotechnical Properties


8 References


5. Brown Coal Sampling, Analysis and Composition


1. Introduction


2. Sampling


3 Analysis


4. Non-Mineral Elements - Exchangeable Cations


5 Mineral Elements - X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy


6. Trace Elements


7 Coal Acidity - Ph


8 Acidic Functional Groups


9 Specific Energy


10 Ash Analysis


11 Reporting Analytical Results for Brown Coal


12 Typical Analyses of Victorian Brown Coals


13 Conclusions


14 References


6. Chemical Structure of Victorian Brown Coal


1 Introduction


2. Macromolecular Skeletal Structure


3. Molecular Characterization


4. Concluding Remarks


5. References


7. Functional Groups and Ion Exchange Properties


1. Introduction


2. Determination of Oxygen Groups


3. Acidic Groups and Ion Exchange - Effect on Coal Properties and Reactions


4 The Effect of the Extent of Ion Exchange on Brown Coal Properties


5 Other Functional Groups


6. References


8. Combustion, Gasification and Oxidation


1 Introduction


2 Theory of Gas-Solid Reactions


3 Combustion of Victorian Brown Coal


4 Gasification of Victorian Brown Coal and Brown Coal Char


5. Low Temperature Oxidation and 'Self-Heating' of Victorian Brown Coal


6. Explosibility of Victorian Brown Coal Dust


7. Concluding Remarks


8. References


9. Pyrolysis


1. Introduction


2. Pyrolysis at Slow Heating Rates


3. Pyrolysis at Rapid Heating Rates


4. Characteristics of Brown Coal Tars


5. Brown Coal Chars


6. Concluding Remarks


7. References


10. Hydrogenation and Reduction


1 Introduction


2 Processing Methods for Liquefaction Studies


3 Reactivity of Brown Coals in Liquefaction


4 Dissolution of Brown Coals in Organic Solvents


5 Reactions of Brown Coals with Gases


6 Product Evaluation and Upgrading Studies


7 Residues and Impurities


8 Novel Reactions


9 Mechanistic and Kinetic Interpretations


10 Summary


11 References


11. Inorganic Constituents


1. Introduction


2. Nature and Mode of Occurrence


3. Behavior of the Inorganics during Utilization


4. Concluding Remarks


5. References


12. Industrial Implications of the Properties of Brown Coals


1. Introduction


2. Combustion


3. Drying


4. Briquette Production and Utilization


5. Brown Coal Carbonization and Industrial Carbons


6. Gasification


7. Liquefaction


8. Other Uses


9. Concluding Remarks


10. References


13. Comparison of Victorian Brown Coals and Other Australian Deposits with Major Overseas Brown Coal/Lignite Deposits


1 Introduction


2 Australian Brown Coals


3 Federal Republic of Germany


4 German Democratic Republic (Former)


5 India


6 Poland


7 United States of America


8 Brief Description of Low Rank Coals in China, Czechoslovakia, USSR and Yugoslavia


9 Brief Comparison of the Three Major Low Rank Coal Basins in the World


10 Concluding Comments


11 References

Abbreviations

Index