The Primate Nervous System, Part I

I. A digital Rosetta stone for primate brain terminology (D.M. Bowden, R.F. Martin). 1. Introduction. 2. Status of digital atlas development. 3. Neuronames: a semantic network of the classical neuroanatomical nomenclature. 4. The template atlas: image representation of the classical neuroanatomical nomenclature. 5. What a standard nomenclature and template atlas can do for you. II. Neurobiology and neuropathology of the human hypothalamus (D.F. Swaab). 1. Introduction. 2. Nucleus basalis of Meynert and diagonal band of Broca. 3. Islands of Calleja (insulae terminalis). 4. Suprachiasmatic nucleus. 5. Sexually dimorphic nucleus (intermediate nucleus, INAH-1). 6. Other hypothalamic sexually dimorphic structures (INAH-2,3, BST, SCN, anterior commissure). 7. Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST). 8. Supraoptic and paraventricular nucleus (SON, PVN). 9. The ventromedial nucleus (nucleus of Cajal). 10. Dorsomedial nucleus. 11. Infundibular nucleus (arcuate nucleus) and subventricular nucleus. 12. Lateral tuberal nucleus. 13. Tuberomamillary nucleus. 14. Posterior hypothalamic nucleus. 15. Incerto hypothalamic cell group (A13). 16. Corpora mamillare. III. Caudal pons and medulla oblongata (W.W. Blessing, W.P. Gai). 1. Introduction. 2. The concept of the reticular formation. 3. Classification of lower brainstem neurons. 4. Motoneurons with axons innervating striated muscle (somatic or special visceral). 5. Parasympathetic preganglionic motoneurons. 6. Premotor neurons innervating brainstem motoneurons which project to striated muscle (somatic or special visceral). 7. Respiratory neurons in the lower brainstem. 8. The raphe nuclei in the human. 9. Lower brainstem neurons projecting to the spinal cord, including sympathetic premotor neurons. 10. Brainstem catecholamine-synthesizing neurons. 11. Neurons containing 5-HT, neuropeptide Y, or substance P. 12. Neurons synthesizing nitric oxide in lower brainstem of human. 13. Human ventrolateral medullary neurons containing PNMT, PH8 or NADPH diaphorase. 14. Galanin-containing neurons in human medulla and pons. 15. Nucleus tractus solitarius. 16. Nerve terminals containing neurotransmitter-related markers in lower pons and medulla. 17. Receptor binding studies in lower pons and medulla. 18. Receptors on area postrema neurons and on distal processes of vagal afferents. IV. The primate locus coeruleus: the chemical neuroanatomy of the nucleus, its efferent projections, and its target receptors (S.L. Foote). 1. Intoduction. 2. The nucleus locus coeruleus. 3. Afferents. 4. Efferents. 5. Receptors. 6. Development. V. The cholinergic system in the primate brain: basal forebrain and pontine-tegmental cell groups (S. de Lacalle, C.B. Saper). A. The basal forebrain cholinergic system. 1. Historical definition of the magnocellular basal nucleus. 2. Cytoarchitectonic features of the basal forebrain cholinergic system in the primate brain. 3. Expression of neurotrophin receptors by cholinergic cells of the basal forebrain. 4. NADPH-diaphorase in the primate basal forebrain. 5. Peptide coexpression in the cholinergic cells of the basal forebrain. 6. Relation between the cholinergic and other classical neurotransmitter systems in the primate basal forebrain. 7. Functional neuroanatomy of the basal forebrain cholinergic system. 8. Pathology of the basal forebrain cholinergic system: aging and neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's and in Parkinson's diseases. 9. Primate models of Alzheimer disease: experimental cholinergic denervation. B. The pontomesencephalotegmental cholinergic cell groups in the primate brain. 1. Introduction. 2. Cytoarchitecture of the pedunculopontine tegmental area. 3. Connections of the cholinergic PPT and LDT. 4. Cholinergic cell groups in the parabrachial complex. 5. Neuropathology of the mesopontine cholinergic system. VI. Dopamine systems in the primate brain (D.A. Lewis, S.R. Sesack). 1. Introduction. 2. Mesencephalon. A. Distribution of DA neurons into nuclei. B. Topographical organization of DA neurons in relation to projection targets. C. Afferents to mesencephalic DA neurons. D. Multiple isoforms of TH in primate DA neurons. 3. DA nigrostriatal system. A. General biochemical and anatomical studies of DA in the basal ganglia. B. Caudate and putamen nuclei. C. Globus pallidus and subthalamic nucleus. 4. DA mesolimbic system. A. Nucleus accumbens/ventral striatum. B. Amygdala. C. Hippocampus. D. Other limbic forebrain regions. 5. DA mesocortical system. A. Regional patterns of DA innervation in monkey neocortex. B. Laminar organization of DA axons in monkey neocortex. C. Morphology of DA axons in monkey neocortex. D. Distribution of DA axons in human neocortex. E. Comparison of DA axons to other cortical afferent systems. F. Functional correlates of DA cortical innervation patterns. G. Distribution of cortical DA receptors. H. Synaptic targets of cortical DA axons. I. Alterations of cortical DA innervation in some disease states. J. TH-Immunoreactive neurons in human cerebral cortex. 6. Development. A. DA neurons. B. DA innervation of the cerebral cortex. VII. Chemical neuroanatomy of the primate insula cortex: relationship to cytoarchitectonics, connectivity, function and neurodegeneration (E.J. Mufson, T. Sobreviela, J.H. Kordower). 1. Introduction. 2. Embryological development. 3. Gross anatomy of the insula. 4. Primate insula analysis. 5. Insular connectivity. 6. Insula chemoanatomy. 7. Neuropeptides. 8. Insular chemistry: effects of aging and neurodegenerative disorders. 9. Overview of the chemoarchitecture of the insula. 10. Functional implications. 11. Insular involvement in pathologic disturbances. VIII. Primate cingulate cortex chemoarchitecture and its disruption in Alzheimer's disease (B.A. Vogt, L.J. Vogt, E.A. Nimchinsky, P.R. Hof). 1. Introduction. 2. Cingulate cortex in Alzheimer's disease: overview of heterogeneity and subtypes. 3. Dopaminergic architecture. 4. Cholinergic architecture. 5. Area 29 metabolism and cholinergic regulation of microvasculature. 6. Chemoarchitectural organization of primate cingulate cortex.