The Climate of the Mediterranean Region

Preface

Foreword

List of Contributors

Introduction: Mediterranean Climate—Background Information

1. Paleoclimate Variability in the Mediterranean Region

1.1 Introduction to Paleoclimatic Reconstruction Methods

1.2 The Geological History of the Mediterranean Through the Meso-Cenozoic: From a Global Latitudinal Ocean to an Enclosed Sea

1.3 Sensitivity and Variability at Different Climate States

1.4 Outlook

Acknowledgments

REFERENCES

2. A Review of 2000 Years of Paleoclimatic Evidence in the Mediterranean

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Long Instrumental Data Series from the Mediterranean

2.3 Ships’ Logbooks from the Mediterranean as Quasi-Instrumental Climate Information

2.4 Tree-Ring Information from the Mediterranean

2.5 Speleothem Information from the Mediterranean

2.6 Paleoflood and Storm Records from the Mediterranean

2.7 Lake Sediments from the Mediterranean

2.8 Corals and Lower-Resolution Marine Proxies from the Mediterranean

2.9 Borehole Information from the Mediterranean

2.10 Vegetation, Land Use, and Fire History in Mediterranean Ecosystems

2.11 Pollen Data: Their Distribution and Possibilities/Challenges for Climate Reconstructions over the Mediterranean

2.12 Sea-Level Variations over the Last 2000 Years in the Mediterranean

2.13 Paleoclimate Modeling and Data Assimilation for Paleoclimatological Analysis in the Mediterranean

2.14 Data Assimilation with Paleo Data

2.15 Conclusions and Outlook

Acknowledgments

REFERENCES

WEB REFERENCES

3. Circulation of the Mediterranean Sea and its Variability

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Changes in the Thermohaline Circulation of the Mediterranean Sea

3.3 The Forcings of the Mediterranean Sea

3.4 Variability in the Heat and Freshwater Characteristics at Inter