Textbook of Pediatric Nursing : South Asian Edition

Table of Contents

Section I Introduction to the Family and Child Care

1. Perspectives on the Nurse’s Role in Child Care 3

• Historical Background on the Care of Children, 3

• Delivery of Care to Children: Factors Influencing the Nurse’s Role, 6

• Societal Factors, 7

• Professional Factors, 9

2. The Nurse’s Role in the Care of Children 12

• Caring and the Role of the Nurse, 12

• Values and Ethics, 13

• Family- and Child-Centred Care, 13

• Areas of Care, 14

• Communication with Family and Child, 16

• Teaching of Family and Child, 17

• Provision of Care, 17

• The Functional Role of the Nurse, 18

• The Nursing Process, 19

• Research, 19

3. The Family 22

• The Family as a System, 22

• What Children Mean to Their Parents, 22

• The Traditional and Emerging Roles of Parents, 23

• The Family Today, 24

• What Makes a Family Happy?, 24

• Types of Families, 25

• Stressors Affecting the Family System, 27

• Children and ‘Family Secrets’, 30

• Family-Oriented Approaches to Nursing Management, 33

• Family Therapy, 34

4. The Nursing Process in the Care of Children 41

• Steps in the Nursing Process, 41

• Applying the Nursing Process to the Disease Process, 57

Section II Assessment of Children

5. Physical Assessment 63

• General Physical Description, 65

• Measurements, 65

• Skin, 68

• Hair, 71

• Nails, 72

• Head and Neck, 72

• Face, 73

• Neck, 73

• Lymph Nodes, 73

• Eyes, 74

• Ears, 75

• Nose and Sinuses, 76

• Mouth and Throat, 76

• Chest, or Thorax, and Lungs, 77

• Heart, 79

• Abdomen, 81

• Genitalia, 83

• Musculoskeletal System, 87

• Neurological Examination, 89

6. Growth and Development of Children 98

• The Nurse’s Understanding of Growth and Development, 98

• Study of Growth and Development, 99

• Characteristics of Growth and Development, 99

• Factors Influencing Growth and Development, 101

• Physical Growth and Development, 105

• Development, 106

• Prevention of Accidents Based on the Child’s Level of

Growth and Development, 122

• Parental Attitudes Towards Growth and Development, 123

7. Nutrition, Fluids, and Electrolytes 127

• Nutritional Requirements, 127

• Application of Dietary Allowances, 133

• Nursing Management, 134

• Fluids and Electrolytes, 135

• Fluid and Electrolyte Therapy, 139

Section III The Child and The Illness

8. Developmental Differences and Illness 151

• The Differences in Illness in Children and Adults, 151

• Types of Illnesses of Children, 162

• Mortality and Morbidity, 162

9. The Ill Child and the Health Care System 167

• Entering the Health Care System, 167

• Sources of Care for the Child, 168

• Hospitalization and the Child, 171

• Emotional Reactions on Admission of a Child to the Hospital, 174

10. Nursing Management of the Ill Child 180

• Nursing Management on Admission and during Hospitalization, 180

• Nursing Management and Therapeutic Care, 183

• Discharge from the Hospital, 227

• Nursing Management and Diagnostic Procedures, 228

• Resuscitation, 233

11. Concepts of Illness: Acute, Chronic, and Life Threatening 242

• The Nurse and the Acutely Ill Child and Family, 242

• The Nurse and the Chronically Ill Child and Family, 243

• The Nurse and the Handicapped Child, 245

• The Nurse and the Terminally Ill Child, 248

Section IV The Neonate

12. The Neonate, the Family, and the Nurse 261

• Heredity, Environment, and Development of the Fetus, 261

• Nursing Assessment of the Neonate, 264

• Nursing Management of the Neonate, 272

• Nursing Management of the Family Unit, 275

13. The High-Risk Neonate 285

• Terminology Used to Describe the High-Risk

Neonate, 285

• Assessment of Gestational Age, 286

• Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICU) for High-Risk

Neonates, 286

• Assessment and Monitoring of the High-Risk Neonate, 286

• General Nursing Management, 288

• Premature and Low Birth Weight Infants, 290

• Conditions Affecting the Preterm Infant, 294

• Infants of Diabetic Mothers (IDM), 307

• Addictions, 309

• Infections, 311

• Postmaturity, 313

14. The Neonate Requiring Immediate or Short-Term Care 321

• Emergency Surgery and the Neonate, 321

• Interferences with Cardiovascular/Haematological Function, 323

• Interferences with Respiratory Function, 327

• Interferences with Regulation, 332

• Interferences with Elimination, 335

• Interferences with Mobility/Sensory Function, 339

15. The Neonate Requiring Long-Term Care 351

• Interferences with Cardiovascular/Haematological Function, 351

• Interferences with Respiratory Function, 374

• Interferences with Regulation, 375

• Interferences with Elimination, 380

• Developmental Disorders, 409

Section V The Infant

16. The Normal Infant: Growth, Development, and Care 425

• The Infant’s Family, 425

• Overview of Growth and Development, 426

• Play and Stimulation, 456

• Needs of Infants, 457

• Health Promotion and Anticipatory Guidance, 459

17. The Infant Requiring Immediate or Short-Term Care 479

• Interferences with Respiratory Function, 483

• Interferences with Regulation, 493

• Interferences with Elimination, 506

• Interferences with Mobility/Sensory Function, 510

18. The Infant Requiring Long-Term Care 520

• Interferences with Cardiovascular/Haematological Function, 520

• Interferences with Respiratory Function, 534

• Interferences with Regulation, 541

• Interferences with Elimination, 559

• Interferences with Mobility/Sensory Function, 564

• Inborn Errors of Metabolism, 565

• Emotional Disorders, 570

Section VI The Toddler

19. The Normal Toddler: Growth, Development, and Care 581

• The Toddler’s Family, 581

• Overview of Growth and Development, 581

• Play and Stimulation, 596

• Needs of Toddlers, 597

• Accident Prevention, 603

20. The Toddler Requiring Immediate or Short-Term Care 616

• Interferences with Respiratory Function, 619

• Interferences with Regulation, 627

• Interferences with Mobility/Sensory Function, 657

21. The Toddler Requiring Long-Term Care 678

• Interferences with Regulation, 678

• Interferences with Mobility/Sensory Function, 682

Section VII The Preschool Child

22. The Normal Preschool Child: Growth, Development, and Care 723

• The Preschool Child’s Family, 723

• Overview of Growth and Development, 724

• Play, 735

• Needs of Preschool Children, 737

• Health Promotion and Anticipatory Guidance, 740

23. The Preschool Child Requiring Immediate or Short-Term Care 746

• Interferences with Cardiovascular/Haematological Function, 751

• Interferences with Respiratory Function, 752

• Interferences with Elimination, 756

• Communicable Diseases, 759

24. The Preschool Child Requiring Long-Term Care 775

• Interferences with Cardiovascular/Haematological Function, 775

• Interferences with Respiratory Function, 781

• Interferences with Mobility/Sensory Function, 789

• Developmental Disabilities, 800

• Neoplasms, 808

• Emotional Disorders, 820

Section VIII The School Child

25. The Normal School Child: Growth, Development, and Care 831

• The School Child’s Family, 831

• Overview of Growth and Development, 832

• Play and Work, 845

• Health Promotion and Anticipatory Guidance, 845

26. The School Child Requiring Immediate or Short-Term Care 853

• Interferences with Respiratory Function, 856

• Interferences with Regulation, 857

• Interferences with Elimination, 859

• Interferences with Mobility/Sensory Function, 861

27. The School Child Requiring Long-Term Care 869

• Interferences with Cardiovascular/Haematological Function, 870

• Interferences with Regulation, 874

• Interferences with Elimination, 887

• Neoplasms, 904

• Dysfunctional Behaviours, 910

• Emotional Disorders, 911

• Sexual Aggression Against the Child, 912

Section IX The Pubescent and The Adolescent

28. The Normal Pubescent and Adolescent: Growth, Development, and Care 925

• The Pubescent’s and Adolescent’s Family, 925• Overview of Growth and Development, 926• Play and Work, 932• Health Promotion and Anticipatory Guidance, 933

29. Health Concerns of The Pubescent and The Adolescent 944

• Nurse–Adolescent Interaction, 944

• Self-Direction in Health Care, 944

• Health Concerns of the Pubescent and the Adolescent, 945

• Health Concerns of Females, 945

• Health Concerns of Males, 948

• Health Concerns of Both Sexes, 949

30. The Adolescent Requiring Long-Term Care 960

• Interferences with Cardiovascular/Haematological Function, 963

• Interferences with Respiratory Function, 964

• Interferences with Regulation, 966

• Interferences with Mobility/Sensory Function, 975

• Neoplasms, 979

• Emotional Disorders, 984

Sources of Borrowed Items 999

Appendices

Appendix A:

Paediatric Nursing History and Family Assessment 1005

Appendix B:

Conversion Table for Newborn Weights (Gram Equivalents for Pounds and Ounces) 1010

Appendix C:

Growth Charts 1011

Appendix D:

Median Head Circumferences of Infants and Children 1013

Appendix E:

Pulse Rates at Rest 1014

Appendix F:

Normal Respiratory Ranges for Children 1015

Appendix G:

Blood Pressure 1016

Appendix H:

Reference Ranges 1017

Appendix I:

Food Values 1035

Appendix J:

Adolescent Addiction Assessment Form 1040

Appendix K:

Conversions Between Measurement Units 1042

Index 1045