Textbook of Critical Care: First South Asia Edition

2 Agitation and Delirium, 6

3 Management of Acute Pain in the Intensive Care Unit, 11

4 Fever, 16

5 Very High Systemic Arterial Blood Pressure, 19

6 Low Systemic Arterial Blood Pressure, 24

7 Tachycardia and Bradycardia, 27

8 Arterial Hypoxemia, 30

9 Acute Respiratory Failure, 33

10 Pulmonary Edema, 38

11 Polyuria, 42

12 Oliguria, 45

13 Hypernatremia and Hyponatremia, 49

14 Hyperkalemia and Hypokalemia, 52

15 Hyperphosphatemia and Hypophosphatemia, 56

16 Hypomagnesemia, 59

17 Hypocalcemia and Hypercalcemia, 61

18 Hypoglycemia, 64

19 Hyperglycemia, 69

20 Anemia, 73

21 Th rombocytopenia, 79

22 Coagulopathy in the ICU, 84

23 Jaundice, 88

24 Gastrointestinal Bleeding, 90

25 Ascites, 94

26 Acute Abdominal Pain, 97

27 Ileus, 100

28 Diarrhea, 103

29 Rash and Fever, 106

30 Chest Pain, 123

31 Biochemical or Electrocardiographic Evidence of Acute Myocardial Injury, 128

PART 2 Common Approaches for Organ Support, Diagnosis, and Monitoring

32 Point-of-Care Ultrasound, 132

33 Echocardiography, 138

34 Cardiovascular Monitoring, 152

35 Bedside Monitoring of Pulmonary Function, 158

36 Arterial Blood Gas Interpretation, 167

37 Tracheal Intubation, 175

38 Tracheostomy, 179

39 Mechanical Ventilation, 184

40 Renal Replacement Th erapy, 189

41 Targeted Temperature Management and Therapeutic Hypothermia, 194

42 Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (Venovenous and Venoarterial ECMO), 200

43 Nutritional Support in Adults, 207

44 Nutritional Support in Children, 215

45 Early Ambulation in the ICU, 220

46 Role of Early Mobilization in the Prevention of ICU-Acquired Weakness, 225

PART 3 Central Nervous System

47 Advanced Bedside Neuromonitoring, 230

48 Coma, 235

49 Use of Brain Injury Biomarkers in Critical Care Settings, 248

50 Cardiopulmonary Cerebral Resuscitation, 252

51 Delirium, 267

52 Management of Acute Ischemic Stroke, 273

53 Nontraumatic Intracerebral and Subarachnoid Hemorrhage, 284

54 Seizures in the Critically Ill, 295

55 Neuromuscular Disorders in the Critically Ill, 306

56 Traumatic Brain Injury, 314

57 Spinal Cord Injury, 322

58 Neuroimaging, 327

59 Intensive Care Aft er Neurosurgery, 339

60 Key Issues in Pediatric Neurointensive Care, 351

PART 4 Pulmonary

61 Patient-Ventilator Interaction, 366

62 Noninvasive Positive-Pressure Ventilation, 373

63 Weaning from Mechanical Ventilation, 380

64 Adjunctive Respiratory Th erapy, 385

65 Hyperbaric Oxygen in Critical Care, 389

66 Imaging of the Chest, 392

67 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, 413

68 Aspiration Pneumonitis and Pneumonia, 425

69 Severe Asthma Exacerbation, 429

70 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 435

71 Pulmonary Embolism, 442

72 Pulmonary Hypertension, 456

73 Pneumothorax, 461

74 Community-Acquired Pneumonia, 464

75 Nosocomial Pneumonia, 477

76 Drowning, 493

77 Acute Parenchymal Disease in Pediatric Patients, 500

PART 5 Cardiovascular

78 Acute Coronary Syndromes: Th erapy, 520

79 Supraventricular Arrhythmias, 532

80 Ventricular Arrhythmias, 541

81 Conduction Disturbances and Cardiac Pacemakers, 550

82 Myocarditis and Acute Myopathies, 557

83 Acquired and Congenital Heart Disease in Children, 569

84 Pericardial Diseases, 585

85 Emergency Heart Valve Disorders, 593

86 Infectious Endocarditis, 602

87 Hypertensive Crisis: Emergency and Urgency, 609

88 Pathophysiology and Classifi cation of Shock States, 617

89 Resuscitation from Circulatory Shock, 623

90 Inotropic Th erapy, 628

91 Mechanical Support in Cardiogenic Shock, 637

PART 6 Gastrointestinal

92 Portal Hypertension: Critical Care Considerations, 650

93 Hepatorenal Syndrome, 657

94 Hepatopulmonary Syndrome, 662

95 Hepatic Encephalopathy, 665

96 Fulminant Hepatic Failure, 673

97 Calculous and Acalculous Cholecystitis, 680

98 Acute Pancreatitis, 685

99 Peritonitis and Intraabdominal Infection, 692

100 Ileus and Mechanical Bowel Obstruction, 703

101 Toxic Megacolon and Ogilvie’s Syndrome, 705

PART 7 Renal

102 Clinical Assessment of Renal Function, 712

103 Biomarkers of Acute Kidney Injury, 718

104 Metabolic Acidosis and Alkalosis, 726

105 Water Metabolism, 743

106 Disorders of Calcium and Magnesium Metabolism, 751

107 Fluid and Volume Th erapy in the ICU, 761

108 Fluids and Electrolytes in Pediatrics, 766

109 Acute Kidney Injury, 773

110 Urinary Tract Obstruction, 784

111 Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury, 790

112 Glomerulonephritis, 794

113 Interstitial Nephritis, 799

PART 8 Infectious Diseases

114 Antimicrobial Stewardship, 802

115 Prevention and Control of Nosocomial Pneumonia, 807

116 Antimicrobial Agents with Primary Activity Against Gram-Negative Bacteria, 812

117 Antimicrobial Agents with Primary Activity Against Gram-Positive Bacteria, 818

118 Antimicrobial Agents Active Against Anaerobic Bacteria, 827

119 Selective Decontamination of the Digestive Tract, 832

120 Vascular Catheter-Related Infections, 837

121 Septic Shock, 843

122 Sepsis and Multiple Organ System Failure in Children, 849

123 Infections of the Urogenital Tract, 855

124 Central Nervous System Infections, 862

125 Infections of Skin, Muscle, and Soft Tissue, 877

126 Head and Neck Infections, 884

127 Infections in the Immunocompromised Patient, 889

128 Infectious Endocarditis, 896

129 Fungal Infections, 900

130 Infl uenza, 912

131 Human Immunodefi ciency Virus Infection, 919

132 Tuberculosis, 924

133 Malaria and Other Tropical Infections in the Intensive Care Unit, 932

134 Acute Viral Syndromes, 947

135 Clostridium diffi cile Infection, 954

PART 9 Hematology

136 Anemia and RBC Transfusion, 958

137 Blood Component Th erapies, 964

138 Venous Th romboembolism in Medical-Surgical Critically Ill Patients, 971

139 Monitoring of Coagulation Status, 976

140 Anticoagulation in the Intensive Care Unit, 979

141 Critical Care of the Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipient, 983

PART 10 Obstetrics

142 Cardiovascular and Endocrinologic Changes Associated with Pregnancy, 988

143 Hypertensive Disorders in Pregnancy, 994

144 Acute Pulmonary Complications During Pregnancy, 1000

145 Postpartum Hemorrhage, 1006

146 Neurologic Critical Illness in Pregnancy, 1012

PART 11 Endocrine

147 Hyperglycemia and Blood Glucose Control, 1018

148 Adrenal Insuffi ciency, 1024

149 Th yroid Disorders, 1034

150 Diabetes Insipidus, 1043

151 Metabolic and Endocrine Crises in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, 1046

PART 12 Pharmacology and Toxicology

152 General Principles of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, 1062

153 Poisoning: Overview of Approaches for Evaluation and Treatment, 1070

PART 13 Surgery/Trauma

154 Resuscitation of Hypovolemic Shock, 1078

155 Mediastinitis, 1081

156 Epistaxis, 1085

157 Management of the Postoperative Cardiac Surgical Patient, 1088

158 Intensive Care Unit Management of Lung Transplant Patients, 1099

159 Management of the Postoperative Liver Transplant Patient, 1106

160 Intestinal and Multivisceral Transplantation: The Ultimate Treatment for Intestinal Failure, 1115

161 Aortic Dissection, 1129

162 Splanchnic Ischemia, 1135

163 Abdominal Compartment Syndrome, 1143

164 Extremity Compartment Syndromes, 1147

165 Th romboembolization and Th rombolytic Th erapy, 1157

166 Atheroembolization, 1164

167 Pressure Ulcers, 1169

168 Burns, Including Inhalation Injury, 1172

169 Th oracic Trauma, 1180

170 Abdominal Trauma, 1188

171 Pelvic and Major Long Bone Fractures, 1191

172 Pediatric Trauma, 1195

173 Management of the Brain-Dead Organ Donor, 1205

174 Donation Aft er Cardiac Death (Non-Heart-Beating Donation), 1212

PART 14 Ethical and End-of-Life Issues

175 Conversations with Families of Critically Ill Patients, 1224

176 Resource Allocation in the Intensive Care Unit, 1229

177 Basic Ethical Principles in Critical Care, 1234

178 Determination of Brain Death, 1238

PART 15 Organization and Management

179 Building Teamwork to Improve Outcomes, 1242

180 Th e Pursuit of Performance Excellence, 1247

181 Severity of Illness Indices and Outcome Prediction: Adults, 1256

182 Severity of Illness Indices and Outcome Prediction: Children, 1270

183 Long-Term Outcomes of Critical Illness, 1277

184 Mass Critical Care, 1280

185 Telemedicine in Intensive Care, 1293

186 Teaching Critical Care, 1297