Supercritical Fluid Technology for Energy and Environmental Applications

Contributors

Chapter 1. Synthesis of Biodiesel Fuel in Supercritical Lower Alcohols with and without Heterogeneous Catalysts (Thermodynamics, Phase and Chemical Equilibriums, Experimental Studies)

Abstract

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Calculation of Thermodynamic and Physicochemical Data for Individual Compounds

1.3 Phase Equilibrium in Transesterification of Triglycerides of Fatty Acids with Methanol

1.4 Chemical Equilibrium: Calculation Models and Methods

1.5 Transesterification of Rapeseed Oil in Supercritical Methanol in a Flow Reactor

1.6 Conclusion

References

Chapter 2. Particle Formation Using Sub- and Supercritical Fluids

Abstract

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Modeling of Supercritical Micronization Processes

2.3 Micronization Processes Using Sub- and Supercritical Fluids

2.4 Particles from Gas Saturated Solutions (PGSS™)

2.5 Conclusions and Outlook

References

Chapter 3. Environmentally Benign Transformations of Monoterpenes and Monoterpenoids in Supercritical Fluids

Abstract

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Transformations of Monoterpenoids with Pinane Framework

3.3 Transformations of Monoterpenoids with para-Menthane Framework

3.4 Catalytic Transformations of Acyclic Monoterpenoids

3.5 Conclusions

References

Chapter 4. Biomass Conversion in Supercritical Water

Abstract

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Cellulose Dissolution in High-Temperature Water

4.3 Kinetics in Supercritical Water and Cellulose Hydrolysis

4.4 Chemicals Recovery from Glucose

4.5 Chemical Recovery from Lignin

4.6 Conclusion

References

Chapter 5. Environmentally Benign Route for Nanomaterial Synthesis by Using SCW

Abstract

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Principles of Supercritical Hydrothermal Synthesis

5.3 Apparatus for Supercritical Hydrothermal Synthesis

5.4 NP Synthesis by Supercritical Hydrothermal Synthesis

5.5 Organic–Inorganic Hybrid NP Synthesis Using SCW

5.6 Controlled Assembly of NPs

5.7 Hybrid Nanomaterials

5.8 Conclusion

References

Chapter 6. Supercritical Water Gasification for Hydrogen Production: Current Status and Prospective of High-Temperature Operation

Abstract

Acknowledgments

6.1 Introduction

6.2 High-Temperature Water

6.3 Thermodynamics of SCWG

6.4 Gasification of Simple Feedstocks

6.5 Gasification of Fossil Fuels

6.6 Challenges/Outlook

6.7 Conclusion

References

Chapter 7. Hydrolysis in Near- and Supercritical Water for Biomass Conversion and Material Recycling

Abstract

Acknowledgments

7.1 Why Perform Hydrolysis Reactions in Near- and Supercritical Water?

7.2 Biomass Liquefaction toward Biofuels and Platform Molecules

7.3 Chemical Recycling Using Supercritical Fluids

7.4 Conclusion

References

Chapter 8. Applications of Aerogels and Their Composites in Energy-Related Technologies

Abstract

Acknowledgments

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Aerogels as Thermal Insulators

8.3 Aerogels as Catalyst Supports

8.4 Aerogels as Catalysts

8.5 Aerogels as Energy Storage Devices

8.6 Aerogels as Adsorbents

8.7 Aerogels in Solar Cells

8.8 Conclusion

References

Chapter 9. Supercritical Water Oxidation for Wastewater Destruction with Energy Recovery

Abstract

9.1 Introduction

9.2 SCWO Requirements

9.3 Model Compounds and Wastewaters Studied

9.4 Economics Aspects of SCWO

9.5 Energy Recovery

9.6 Atmospheric Pressure Water Heating

9.7 Conclusions

References

Chapter 10. Supercritical Water Gasification of Organic Wastes for Energy Generation

Abstract

Acknowledgments

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Supercritical Water Gasification

10.3 Conclusions

References

Chapter 11. Application of Supercritical Pressure in Power Engineering: Specifics of Thermophysical Properties and Forced-Convective Heat Transfer

Abstract

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Thermophysical Properties at Critical and Supercritical Pressures

11.3 Specifics of Forced-Convection Heat Transfer at Supercritical Pressure

11.4 Hydraulic Resistance

11.5 Conclusions

Nomenclature

References

Chapter 12. Biopolymer Degradation in Sub- and Supercritical Water for Biomass Waste Recycling

Abstract

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Properties of Water in Sub- and Supercritical Conditions

12.3 Development of Reactors and Experimental Techniques

12.4 Hydrolysis of Cellulose

12.5 Hydrolysis of Proteins

12.6 General Reaction Pathways and Kinetics of Hydrolysis of Biopolymers

12.7 Carbonic (or Carbon Dioxide) Enhancement of Hydrolysis

12.8 Coupling with Electromagnetic Methods to Enhance Reaction Rates

12.9 Conclusion and Outlook

References

Chapter 13. Energy Conversion of Biomass and Recycling of Waste Plastics Using Supercritical Fluid, Subcritical Fluid and High-Pressure Superheated Steam

Abstract

Acknowledgments

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Energy Conversion of Biomass Using Subcritical Water and High-Pressure Superheated Steam

13.3 Recycling of Waste Plastics Using Super/Subcritical Fluids

13.4 Conclusions

References

Index