Stress: Immunology and Inflammation

Handbook of Stress Series Volume 5

1st Edition - August 22, 2023
Editor: George Fink
Language: English
Hardback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 1 7 5 5 8 - 3
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 1 7 5 5 9 - 0

Stress: Immunology and Inflammation, Volume Five in the Handbook of Stress series, covers the influence physiologic stress has on immunity, immunology and inflammation. It… Read more

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Stress: Immunology and Inflammation, Volume Five in the Handbook of Stress series, covers the influence physiologic stress has on immunity, immunology and inflammation. It provides a quick orientation to the subject for research, in clinic use, and in everyday life. Integrated closely with new behavioral findings and with relevance to human conditions, the concepts and data in this volume offer readers cutting-edge information. It will be of prime interest to neuroscientists, clinicians, researchers, academics, and students in Neuroendocrinology, Neuroscience, Biomedicine, Immunology, Endocrinology, Psychology, Psychiatry and some aspects of the Social Sciences.

The effect of stress on our emotional and physical health can be devastating. There have been significant advances in our understanding of the influence stress has on inflammation in the human body and also our immunity to various afflictions.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Contributors
Preface
References
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1: Toward identifying individual stress susceptibility
Abstract
Key points
Introduction
Defining sources of psychological stress in our society
Clinical impact of excessive stress on health
Impact of excessive stress on immune parameters
Genetic variations in immune responses
Genetic variations in immune response affected by various stressors
Impact of psychiatric conditions characterized by excessive stress
Proposed approach to Identifying stress susceptibility
Future directions
References
Chapter 2: Plant immune system: Mechanisms and resilience
Abstract
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Plant-pathogen interactions and signatures of plant immunity
The machinery of plant pathogen recognition
Receptor-like kinases and receptor-like proteins
RLKs and RLPs involved in plant immunity
Pathogen effector’s potential to manipulate RLP and RLK signaling
Salicylic acid–mediated defense networks for plant immunity
The nonexpression of pathogenesis-related genes (NPR1) dependent and independent pathways
Conclusions
References
Chapter 3: Effects of stress on immune cell distribution
Abstract
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Stress
The immune system
Stress-induced changes in blood leukocyte numbers
Hormones mediating a stress-induced decrease in blood leukocyte numbers
A stress-induced decrease in blood leukocyte numbers represents a redistribution rather than a destruction or net loss of blood leukocytes
Target organs of a stress-induced redistribution of blood leukocytes
Stress-induced redistribution of blood leukocytes: Molecular mechanisms
Stress-induced redistribution of blood leukocytes: Functional implications
Conclusion
References
Chapter 4: Stress-induced enhancement of immune function
Abstract
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Stress
The immune system
General assumption: Stress suppresses immune function and is detrimental for health—Reasons for modifying this general assumption
Studies showing stress-induced enhancement of immune function
Functional implications
Clinical implications
The stress spectrum
Conclusion
References
Chapter 5: Immune suppression
Abstract
Summary
Cell-mediated immune
Humoral immune
Metabolic—Hormonal: Sterol family
Neural
Conclusion
References
Chapter 6: SARS-CoV-2 immune suppression
Abstract
Summary
Viral evasion
Virus-induced transient T cell suppression
Virally induced autoimmunity
Implications for COVID-19: The stress of viral infection with SARS-CoV-2
References
Chapter 7: Interleukin-1 beta in psychosocial stress
Abstract
Introduction
IL-1β signaling pathways in the CNS
IL-1β signaling to neurons and neural progenitor cells during stress
IL-1β signaling to brain endothelial cells during stress
IL-1β impact on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
Potential therapeutics
Conclusions
References
Chapter 8: Inflammation and traumatic stress
Abstract
Introduction
Early-life adversity and inflammation
Inflammation and PTSD
Potential causes and consequences of inflammation in relation to traumatic stress
Conclusions and future perspectives
References
Chapter 9: Stress in psoriasis
Abstract
Introduction and immunology
Risk factors and comorbidities
Psychological stress in psoriasis
Therapy and management
References
Chapter 10: Natural killer (NK) cells
Abstract
Introduction
Phenotypic characteristics of NK cells
Functional characteristics of NK cells
Measurement of NK cells
Biological importance of NK cells
NK cells in human disease
Exploiting human NK cells in cancer therapy
NK cells and stress
NK cells and acute stress
NK cells and chronic stress
References
Chapter 11: Psychoneuroimmunology
Abstract
Historical perspective
Elements of the communication between the nervous system and the immune system
Functional aspects of the relationship between the immune system and the nervous system
Conclusion and perspectives
References
Chapter 12: Stress, aging, and inflammation
Abstract
Acute and chronic inflammation
Neuroinflammation
Inflammaging: Age-related increase in chronic low-grade inflammation
Physiological mechanisms
Stress-related increases in systemic inflammation
Acute stress and inflammation
Chronic stress and inflammation
Mechanisms underlying the relationship between stress and inflammaging
Physiological mechanisms
Negative emotion, depression, and inflammation
Sleep
Physical activity
Diet
Obesity
Social relationships
References
Chapter 13: The chaperone system in autoimmunity, inflammation, and virus-induced diseases: Role of chaperonins
Abstract
Acknowledgment
Introduction
Objective and scope
The chaperone system
Chaperonopathies
The chaperonins in inflammation and autoimmunity
Chaperones and viruses
Viruses and inflammation, autoimmunity, and disease
Perspectives
Coda
References
Chapter 14: Steroid hormone receptors and regulation of ACE2 and COVID-19 disease outcomes
Abstract
Introduction
SARS-CoV-2 and ACE2
RAAS and RAAS inhibitors in SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 disease
Steroid hormone receptors
Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs)
Androgens and COVID-19
Estrogen action and the inflammatory response to SARS-CoV-2 infection
Changes to estrogen levels and the risk of thrombosis in patients with severe COVID-19 disease
Estrogen-related therapies for COVID-19
Progesterone actions and the inflammatory response to SARS-CoV-2 infection
Corticosteroids, SARS-CoV-2, and COVID-19 disease
The HPA axis, glucocorticoid receptor, and COVID-19 disease
Long COVID: A dysfunctional HPA axis?
Corticosteroids in the treatment of COVID-19 disease
Mechanisms of corticosteroid action in COVID-19 disease
Vitamin D and COVID-19
Conclusions and questions
References
Chapter 15: Immune, inflammatory, and neural systems in neuropsychiatric disease
Abstract
Introduction
Basic science
Brain development
The role of immune-neuron interaction in psychiatric and neuropsychiatric conditions
Two neuropsychiatric syndromes: Imitators or exemplars
References
Chapter 16: Stress responses modulate bacterial competitive fitness in polymicrobial communities
Abstract
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Diverse general and specific stress responses
Antimicrobial molecules and protein machineries for competition
Specific and general protection
Environmental factors modulate competition
Future perspective
References
Chapter 17: Mitigating viral invasion: mTORC2’s role in neuroprotection and immunity
Abstract
Introduction
The mTOR complex
Functions of mTORC1
mTORC2
Functions of mTORC2
Future perspective
References
Chapter 18: Microglia regulate cognition and stress-related cognitive disorders
Abstract
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Stress, neuronal plasticity, and cognition
Microglia, neuronal plasticity, and cognition
Microglia regulate cognition under stress
Summary and future perspective
References
Chapter 19: Prenatal-induced psychopathologies: All roads lead to microglia
Abstract
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Microglial mechanisms of disturbance in brain development
Prenatal models that induce microglial activation
Summary
References
Chapter 20: The environmental mismatch model of bipolar disorder: The role of stress, gut microbiota, lifestyle factors, and neuroinflammation
Abstract
Bipolar disorder
Bipolar disorder as a disease of modern lifestyles
Mechanisms behind manic episodes
Mechanisms behind depressive episodes
Gut microbiota and bipolar disorder
Lifestyle changes that might improve bipolar disorder symptoms by lowering inflammation
References
Chapter 21: Beta cell stress and type 1 diabetes
Abstract
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Inherent and accumulated ER stress
Cytokine and metabolic stress
Genetic underpinnings of a defective stress response
Immunologic effects of stress
Functional effects of stress
A stress-centric model of T1D
Diagnostic and therapeutic implications
Conclusions
References
Chapter 22: General adaptation in critical illness 1: The glucocorticoid signaling system as master rheostat of homeostatic corrections in concerted action with nuclear factor-κB
Abstract
Introduction
Critical illness, species evolution, and individual development
Innate immunity and nuclear factor-κB
Glucocorticoid-glucocorticoid receptor-alpha interactions
Glucocorticoid receptor-alpha and homeostatic corrections
Glucocorticoid receptor-alpha in critical illness
Variability in cellular sensitivity
Endothelium
Conclusions and implications for glucocorticoid treatment
References
Chapter 23: General adaptation in critical illness 2: The glucocorticoid signaling system as a master rheostat of homeostatic corrections in concerted action with mitochondrial and essential micronutrient support
Abstract
Cellular energetics—Mitochondrial function
Mitochondrial cacostatic load, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial damage
Mitochondria and HPA axis crosstalk
Oxidative stress and critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency
Hypovitaminoses
Conclusions and implications for glucocorticoid treatment
Funding
References
Chapter 24: Prolonged glucocorticoid treatment in ARDS: Pathobiological rationale and pharmacological principles
Abstract
Introduction
Pharmacological principles of glucocorticoid actions
Factors affecting response independent of the protocol design
Micronutrients
Conclusions and future directions
References
Chapter 25: The role of stress in mediating inflammation in the context of neurodegeneration
Abstract
Introduction
The role of stress in neuroinflammation
The molecular mechanisms controlled by cortisol that alter neuroinflammatory responses
Stress mediates neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases
Conclusions
References
Index

George Fink

Dr. Fink is Honorary Professor in the University of Melbourne and Professorial Research Fellow at the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health. Formerly, he was Scientific Director of the Mental Health Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia. Before returning to Melbourne in 2003, Dr. Fink was University Lecturer in Human Anatomy and Fellow in Physiology and Medicine at Brasenose College and the University of Oxford and served for nearly 20 years as CEO and Director of the UK Medical Research Council’s Brain Metabolism Unit in Edinburgh. He gained distinction through his seminal research discoveries in neuroendocrinology and psychopharmacology published in over 360 scientific papers. Dr. Fink served as President of the European Neuroendocrine Association. His distinctions include Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh, Fellow of the Royal Biological Society, Fellow of the Physiological Society, and Honorary Member of the British Society for Neuroendocrinology. Fink was Honorary Professor in the University of Edinburgh, delivered the inaugural Geoffrey Harris Prize Lecture of the British Physiological Society, and the Wolfson Lecture. In 1979 he was awarded the Royal Society - Israel Academy Exchange Fellowship which enabled him to spend a research year at the Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot Israel. In 2000 he was awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award of the International Society of Psychoneuroendocrinology. His membership of learned societies includes Emeritus member of the Society for Neuroscience, the Endocrine Society and the Genetics Society of America. Dr. Fink has edited several scientific books with Elsevier, including Stress Science: Neuroendocrinology (2009), Stress Consequences: Mental, Neuropsychological and Socioeconomic (2009), Stress of War, Conflict and Disaster (2010), the Handbook of Neuroendocrinology (2011), and most notably the 4-volume second edition of the Encyclopedia of Stress (2007) on which this new Handbook of Stress series is based. He was founding Editor-in-Chief of the first edition of the Encyclopedia of Stress (2000) which was awarded the 2001 British Medical Association commendation for its contribution to Mental Health. The first volume of his Handbook of Stress series, entitled “Stress: Concepts, Cognition, Emotion, and Behavior”, received the BMA High Commendation in the Health and Social Care category as one of the top titles in its discipline.

Affiliations and expertise

Professorial Research Fellow and Hon Professor, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia