Spun Yarn Technology
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Spun Yarn Technology provides a comprehensive review of the principles of spun yarn technology. Chapters are devoted to topics on spun yarn technology such as yarn production, properties of yarn, opening and cleaning loose fibers, fiber blending, the process of carding, and roller drafting, doubling, and fiber control. The spinning process, yarn folding, yarn preparation (winding, tensioning, splicing, and steaming and storage), and the kinds of specialty yarn are presented as well. Textile technologists will find the text very useful.
Table of Contents
1 Introduction
Yarn
Continuous Filament Production
Continuous
Filament Yarn
Continuous Filament Tow
Spun Yarn Production
Drafting
Doubling
Spun Yarn Types
Basic Operations in the Production of Spun Yarns
Terminology of Spun Yarns
Yarn Thickness
Yarn Count
The Tex System
General Comparison of Continuous Filament and Spun Yarns
Fibre Properties
2 Opening and Cleaning
Automatic Feeders
Raw Wool Impurities and Principles of Removal
Raw Cotton Impurities and Principles of Removal
Principles of Raw Flax Processing
Principles of Raw Jute Processing
Principles of Spun Silk Processing
3 Blending and Mixing
Basic Blending Requirements
Blending Systems
Blending Tolerances
Mixing Deficiencies
Limitations of Blending and Mixing
4 Carding
General Carding Objectives
Card Clothing
Carding Actions
Fettling
Grinding
Setting
Carding Faults
Wool Card Roller Arrangement
Worsted Carding
Semi-Worsted Carding
Woollen Carding
Cotton Card Arrangement
Flax Carding
Jute Carding
5 Roller Drafting, Doubling, and Fibre Control
Draft: Calculated and Actual
Doublings
Combination of Drafts and Doublings
The Drafting Zone
Back and Front Rollers
Beard Fibres
Roller Slip
Ratch
Floating Fibres
'Perfect' Sliver Levelness
Random Fibre Distribution
'Perfect' Drafting
Fibre End Distribution
Drafting Waves
Drafting Force
Mechanical Defects
Reversal of Draft Direction
Square-Cut Staple Fibres
Methods of Fibre Control
Pin
Direct Pressure
Twist
Combined Twist and Direct Pressure
6 Autolevelling
Radical Autolevelling
Conservative Autolevelling
Open Loop
Closed Loop
Combined Loop
Closed Loop Design
Deviation
Reduction Factor
Gain/Frequency Response
Phase-Lag/Frequency Response
Control Loop Characteristics
Autoleveller Perturbation
Autoleveller Applications
Autoleveller Construction
Measurement
Delay
Transmitter
Variable Speed Unit
Plattdrawframe Autoleveller
Wira Autocount
7 Combing
Basic Objectives
Noil Percentage
Tear
Combing Cycle
Machine Comb Types
Fibre Feed
Cotton Combing
Preparatory Processes
Comb General Features
Combing Cycle
Sliver Delivery
Applications
Woolcombing
Preparatory Processes
Comb General Features
Combing Cycle
Worsted Top Finishing
8 Package Formation and Drawing Prior to Spinning
False Twist
Lap or Roll Delivery
Can Delivery
Balling Head Delivery
Roving Twist
Flyer Lead Delivery
Bobbin Lead Delivery
Drawing Worsted
Semi-Worsted
Carded Cotton
Combed Cotton
Flax
Jute
Spun Silk
9 The Spinning Process
Classification of Spinning Machines
General Features of Conventional Spinning Machines
Creels
Roving Traverse
Top Roller Covering and Pressure
Underclearers
Spindle Drives
Change Speed Devices
Speed Limitations
Variable Speeds
Spindle Pitch
Lifter Traverse
Productive Efficiency
Piecening
Automatic Doffing
Economics
General Features of the Spinning Process
Yarn Strength
Twist Variation and Yarn Appearance
Yarn Thickness, Compressibility and Twist
Production
End-Breakages
Twist Formulae
Yarn Length Contraction
Fine Count Limit
Fly Waste
10 Fibre Migration and Displacement
Characterization of Migration
Factors Influencing Displacement
Fibre
Yarn
Process
11 Intermittent Spinning Machines
Mule Spinning
The Woollen Mule Cycle of Operations
Delivery
Drafting
Twisting
Backing-Off
Winding-On
Centrifugal Spinning
12 Conventional Frame Spinning Machines
Flyer Spinning
Ring Spinning
Spindle Arrangement
Winding-On Revolutions
Twist Variation
Calculated Twist
Yarn Tension
Balloon Theory
Balloon Collapse
Control Rings
Moving Lappets
Rings and Travellers
Factors Influencing Spinning Conditions
Ring Diameter
Balloon Height
Spindle Speed
Traveller Mass
Spindle Attachments
Condenser Yarn Spinning
Automatic Underwinding
Cap Spinning
13 Open-End Spinning
Principles
Advantages
Basic Methods
Vortex
Axial
Discontinuous
Friction
Rotor
Rotor Spinning
Fibre Assembly
Twist Insertion and Yarn Withdrawal
Rotor Machine Features
Opening Methods
Fibre Transfer
Bridging Fibres
Wrapper Fibres
Rotor Design
Bearings and Drives
Technical Aspects
Twist and Draft Calculations
Theoretical and Calculated Twist
Cross-Sectional Number of Fibres
Change of Draft and Twist
Yarn Structure
Cleanliness of Fibre Feed
Sliver Preparation
Spinning Tension and Fine Count Limit
Power Consumption
Rotor Speed
Rotor Diameter
Spinning Twist and End-Breakages
General Features of Rotor Machines
Economic Aspects
Open-End Yarn Uses
14 Repco Self-Twist Spinning
Principle of Self-Twist Spinning
Self-Twist (ST) Yarn
Twisted Self-Twist (STT) Yarn
Self-Twist Spinning Machine
Creel
Drafting Zone
Twist Insertion
Fly Waste Removal
Yarn Convergence Guides and Yarn Phasing
Yarn Delivery
General Features
Advantages and Limitations of ST Spinning
Self-Twist Yarn Definitions
Cycle Length
Self-Twist Per Half-Cycle
Average Self-Twist
Self-Twist Factor
Yarn Count
Twisted Self-Twist (STT) Yarn
Pairing Twist
Pairing Twist Factor
Pairing Twist/Self-Twist Relationship
Added Twist Factor
Pairing Twist/Added Twist Relationship
Self-Twist Yarn Requirements
Recommended Processing Sequence
Self-Twist Knitting Yarns
High Bulk Acrylics
Regular Yarns
Developments of Self-Twist Techniques
Selfil
Wrapped Core Yarns
15 Spinning Developments
Twistless Yarns
Twistless Spinning
TNO Systems
Pavena System
Semi-Molten Polymer-Core Yarns (Bobtex ICS)
Axial Fibre Slippage Yarns
Jet Spinning
Bobtex Abs Spin-Folding
Wrap-Spun Yarns
The Axifugal System
Front Folding
Felted Yarns
16 Yarn Folding
Folded Yarns
Cabled Yarns
Folding Objectives
S on Z Yarns
Coating
Colour Twists
Knitting
Balanced Twist
Maximum Strength Cotton Yarns
Z On Z Yarns
Dual Up/Down Folding
Folding Routine
Folding Machinery
Conventional Ring
Fancy Yarns
Two-Stage Hamel
Two-For-One
17 Yarn Preparation
Parallel-Sided Cheese
Angle of Wind
Wind and Traverse Ratio
Traverse Displacement
Precision Winders
Constant Spindle Speed
Constant Surface Speed
Combination Speeds
Drum Winders
Grooved Drum
Finger Traverse
Cone Winding
Cone Taper
Yarn Tensioning
Package Stability and Density
Yarn Clearing
Mechanical Clearers
Electronic Clearers
Photoelectric
Capacitance
Knots
Splicing
Yarn Conditioning
Yarn Waxing
Free Running
Power Driven
Emulsion
Molten Wax
Yarn Length Measurement
Automatic Winding
Multi-Knotter Machines
Traversing Knotter Machines
Carousel Machines
Yarn Steaming and Storage
Yarn Mercerizing and the Prograde Process
Yarn Singeing
Yarn Sizing
Yarn Polishing
Yarn Reeling
Lea Reeling
Cross Reeling
Change Reeling Machines
Double Reeling Machines
Bundling
Yarn Balling
Hank-to-Cone Winding
Pineapple Cones
18 Static Electrification and Atmospheric Control
Static
Formation
Dissipation
Gaseous Discharge
Fibre Conduction
Anti-Static Conduction
Dissipation for the Consumer
Atmospheric Control
Side Effects
Recommended Processing Conditions
Travelling Cleaners
19 Yarn Properties
Irregularity
Drafting Waves
Variance-Length Curves
Index of Irregularity
Correlograms
Periodicity
Long-Term Count Variation
Tensile Properties
Individual Thread Tests
Hank Tests
Constant Tension Winding Tests
Ballistic Tests
Yarn Breakage
Fibre Blends
Tenacity and Strength Realization
Yarn Initial Modulus
Twist
Hairiness
Thickness and Compressibility
Pilling
Bending Rigidity
ST and STT Yarns
Selfil Yarns
Twistless Yarns
Bobtex ICS Yarn
Open-End Yarns
Sewing Threads
20 Yarn Faults
Neps
Slubs
Spewing
Piecenings
Married Ends
Soft (or Slack) Twist
Hard Twist
Mixed Lots
21 Speciality Yarns
Fancy Yarns
Condenser-Spun
Drawn-and-Spun
Spiral
Diamond
Multifold
Gimp
Mock Chenille
Cloud
Knop
Loop
Snarl
Spiral
Stripe
Slub
Eccentric
Folded Chenille
Core Yarns
Coloured Yarns
Solid Shades
Mixture Shades
Gill Mixing
Re-Combing
Mixing in Drawing
Vigoureux (Melange) Printing
Imitation Vigoureux
Speciality Coloured Yarns
Twist Shades
Single
Marl
Marl
Half Marl
Double Marl
Single Mottle
22 Tow-To-Sliver Conversion and
Bulked Acrylic Yarn
Production
Comparison of Methods
Cutting Converters
Crush Cutting
Double-Cuts
Fused Fibres
Fish
Food
Stretch-Breaking Converters
Heater Temperature
Stretch Ratio
Bulked Acrylic Yarns
General Principles
Blend Proportions
Pre-Relaxation
Yarn Shrinkage
Acrylic Yarn Counts
Appendix: Processing Sequences
Woollen
Worsted
Semi-Worsted
Cotton
Flax
Jute
Index
Product details
- No. of pages: 260
- Language: English
- Copyright: © Butterworth-Heinemann 1987
- Published: March 19, 1987
- Imprint: Butterworth-Heinemann
- eBook ISBN: 9781483161808