Solid State Physics

1 Symmetry Operations


1-1 A Symmetry Operation


1-2 Point Symmetry Operations


1-3 The Point Groups of a Molecule


1-4 Other Symmetry Operations of Crystals

Notes

Problems


2 Symmetry Description of Crystals


2-1 Lattice


2-2 Primitive Unit Cell


2-3 The 7 Crystal Systems


2-4 The 14 Bravais Lattices


2-5 The 32 Crystallographic Point Groups


2-6 Space Groups


2-7 Definitions of Directions, Coordinates, and Planes

Appendix to Chapter 2

Notes

Problems


3 Simple Crystal Structures


3-1 Introduction


3-2 Several Cubic Symmorphic Structures


3-3 Diamond and Zinc Blende Structures


3-4 Point Group of a Space Group (S)


3-5 Examples of Defect Structures


3-6 Different Points of View of a Structure


3-7 Close Packing (and the Hexagonal Close-Packed Structure)


3-8 Volume Effects for Simple Structures


3-9 Wurtzite Structure


3-10 Site Symmetry (S)

Notes

Problems


4 X-Ray Diffraction


4-1 Electron, Neutron, and X-ray Diffraction


4-2 Bragg's Law


4-3 The Laue Formulation


4-4 Experimental X-ray Diffraction Methods (S)

Notes

Problems


5 Crystal Symmetry and Physical Properties (S)


5-1 Introduction


5-2 Neumann's Principle


5-3 Tensors


5-4 Crystal Symmetry and Physical Properties


5-5 Nonlinear Optics

Notes

Problems


6 Classification of Solids


6-1 Summary of Chapters 1-3


6-2 Introduction to Classification of Solids


6-3 Five Types of Bonds


6-4 Repulsive Potential Energy


6-5 Molecular Bond


6-6 Hydrogen Bond (S)

Notes

Problems


7 The Ionic Bond


7-1 Transfer of Electrons


7-2 Ionic Radii


7-3 Typical Structures


7-4 Cohesive Energies of Ionic Crystals

Notes

Problems


8 The Covalent Bond


8-1 Introduction


8-2 Bonding and Antibonding


8-3 The Hydrogen Molecule


8-4 Maximum Overlap


8-5 The Formation of a Crystal


8-6 "Classical" Semiconductors


8-7 Continuous Range of Bonding (S)

Appendix

Notes

Problems


9 Metals

Part A Drude's Model


9-1 Drude 's Free Electron Theory


9-2 Drude's Assumptions


9-3 DC Conductivity


9-4 Wiedemann-Franz Law


9-5 Frequency-Dependent Conductivity (S, A)


9-6 Problems of Drude 's Model

Part B Quantum Mechanics Applied


9-7 Eigenfunctions of Free Electrons in a Metal


9-8 Fermi Energy, Density of States, and Fermi Surface


9-9 Soft X-rays, Heat Capacities


9-10 Fermi-Dirac Statistics


9-11 Low Temperature Expansion Using F-D Statistics


9-12 Thermal Properties of the Electron Gas


9-13 DC Conductivity (with F-D Statistics)


9-14 Electron-Electron Collisions (S)


9-15 Hall Effect (and Other Magnetic Field Effects) (S)


9-16 Landau Levels (S, A)

Notes

Problems


10 Band Theory

Part A Qualitative Discussion


10-1 Nearly Free Electrons


10-2 Classifications of Solids


10-3 Effective Mass

Part B Wave Functions and Energy Levels


10-4 Bloch Functions


10-5 Nearly Free Electrons


10-6 Brillouin Zones


10-7 Examples of Brillouin Zones


10-8 Wigner-Seitz Approximation — The Binding Energy (S)


10-9 The Tight Binding Approximation (S)


10-10 Crystal Momentum

Part C Semiconductors, Real Bands, and Related Concepts


10-11 Holes


10-12 Band Preliminaries (A)


10-13 E(k) for a Two-Dimensional Square Lattice


10-14 Body-Centered Cubic Lattice — Sodium (S, A)


10-15 Si, Ge, GaAs, and GaP


10-16 Carrier Concentration at Thermal Equilibrium


10-17 p-n Junctions


10-18 Metal-Semiconductor Junctions


10-19 The Gunn Effect (S)


10-20 Other Topics (S)


10-21 Summary

Notes

Problems


11 Some Thermal Effects in Solids

Part A Heat Capacity


11-1 Specific Heat at Constant Volume and Pressure


11-2 Energy and Cv from Statistical Mechanics


11-3 Classical Results for Cv


11-4 Einstein's Model


11-5 Debye's Calculation of Cv

Part B Effects Associated with Disorder


11-6 Orientational Disorder in Molecular and Ionic Crystals


11-7 Polarization by Orientation (S)


11-8 Point Imperfections in Crystals


11-9 Diffusion (S)


11-10 Color Centers in Ionic Crystals (S)


11-11 Localized Vibrational Modes (S)

Notes

Problems


12 Lattice Vibrations


12-1 Introduction


12-2 Vibrations of a One-Dimensional Monatomic Chain


12-3 Vibrations of a One-Dimensional Diatomic Chain


12-4 Real Crystal Systems


12-5 Phonons(A)


12-6 Crystal Momentum (A)


12-7 Neutron Diffraction from Phonons


12-8 Thermal Conductivity (S)

Notes

Problems


13 Optical Properties of Crystals

Part A Macroscopic Theory


13-1 Dielectric Polarization


13-2 Oscillating Fields


13-3 Electromagnetic Waves in Solids


13-4 Reflectivity at an Interface


13-5 Kramers-Kronig Relations (S, A)


13-6 Damped Harmonic Oscillator


13-7 Dielectric Response of a Quantum System

Part B Lattice Vibrations


13-8 Introduction


13-9 Long Wavelength Optical Vibrations


13-10 Measurements and Results


13-11 Polaritons (S)


13-12 A Microscopic Model (S)


13-13 Clausius-Mossotti (Lorenz-Lorentz) Equations

Part C Free Carrier Absorption


13-14 Introduction


13-15 Oscillator Model


13-16 Experimental Results


13-17 Transverse and Longitudinal Free Electron Modes (S)

Part D Interband Transitions


13-18 Introduction


13-19 Fundamental Absorption Near Eg


13-20 Excitons (Mostly Weakly Bound Excitons)


13-21 Fundamental Absorption Above Eg


13-22 Urbach Edge (S)

Notes

Problems


14 Ferroelectricity and Structural Phase Transitions


14-1 Introduction


14-2 The Free Energy


14-3 Soft Modes


14-4 Microscopic Model of Soft Modes


14-5 Renormalization Group


14-6 Optical Properties of Ferroelectrics (S)


14-7 Other Related Properties

Notes

Problems


15 Magnetism

Part A Diamagnetism and Paramagnetism


15-1 Introduction


15-2 Diamagnetism


15-3 Paramagnetism

Part B Ferromagnetism, Antiferromagnetism, and Related Topics


15-4 Introduction


15-5 Molecular Field Theory


15-6 The Heisenberg Exchange Interaction


15-7 Magnetic Structures


15-8 Special Techniques Used to Study Magnetic Structures

Part C Other Topics


15-9 Spin Waves (S, A)


15-10 Anisotropy, Hysteresis, Domains, and Bloch Walls


15-11 Metals and Magnetism (S, A)


15-12 Spin Glasses (S)

Notes

Problems


16 Superconductivity


16-1 Introduction (dc Conductivity)


16-2 The Occurrence of Superconductivity


16-3 Effects that Destroy Superconductivity


16-4 Magnetic Properties


16-5 The BCS Theory


16-6 BCS Predictions


16-7 BCS Related Measurements


16-8 The Josephson Effect

Notes

Problems


17 Surface Science


17-1 Introduction — The Need for UHV


17-2 Crystal Shape


17-3 Preparation of Clean Surfaces and LEED


17-4 The Structure of Surfaces


17-5 Interaction of Gases with Surfaces


17-6 Surface Related Techniques


17-7 Electronic Surface Structure

Notes

Problems

Appendix to Chapter 17


18 Artificial Structures

Part A Semiconductors


18-1 Introduction


18-2 A Particle in a 1-D Rectangular Well


18-3 3-D Motion with a 1-D Rectangular Well


18-4 Experimental Aspects


18-5 Semiconductor Superlattices


18-6 Inversion Layers

Part B Metals


18-7 Introduction


18-8 Sample Preparation


18-9 Properties of Layered Metal Structures


18-10 Other Artificial Structures (S)

Notes

Problems

Appendix

Appendix — Units

Bibliography

Index