Social and Administrative Aspects of Pharmacy in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

Social and Administrative Aspects of Pharmacy in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Present Challenges and Future Solutions examines the particularities of low- and middle-income countries and offers solutions based on their needs, culture and available resources. Drawing from the firsthand experience of researchers and practitioners working in these countries, this book addresses the socio-behavioral aspects of pharmacy and health, pharmacoeconomics, pharmaceutical policy, supply management and marketing, pharmacoepidemiology and public health pharmacy specific to low- and middle-income countries.

While some practices may be applied appropriately in disparate places, too often pharmacy practice in low- and middle-income countries is directly copied from successes in developed countries, despite the unique needs and challenges low- and middle-income countries face.

• Examines key issues and challenges of pharmacy practice and the pharmaceutical sector specific to low- and middle-income countries
• Compares pharmacy practice in developed and developing countries to highlight the unique challenges and opportunities of each
• Provides a blueprint for the future of pharmacy in low- and middle-income countries, including patient-centered care, evidence-based care and promoting the role of the pharmacist for primary health care in these settings

Practicing pharmacists, pharmacy leaders in academic and practice sites, pharmacy educators, researchers in social and administrative pharmacy, researchers in pharmacy practice and education, pharmacy graduate students, consultants, international pharmaceutical companies, human resource departments in pharmacy practices, public health policy makers, international medicine use organizations, international organizations concerned with health (e.g. WHO, United Nations, etc.)

1. Introduction: Discovering Issues and Challenges in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Mohamed Izham Mohamed Ibrahim and Albert I. Wertheimer

Section I: Socio-behavioral Aspects of Medicines Used in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
2. Socio-Behavioral Aspects of Medicine Used in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Mukhtar Ansari

3. Patients’, Consumers’ and Healthcare Professionals’ Perceptions, Beliefs, Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices Towards the Use of Medicines
Kazeem Babatunde Yusuff

4. The Use of Measurements and Health Behavioral Models to Improve Medication Adherence
Yara Arafat and Mohamed Izham Mohamed Ibrahim

Section II: Pharmaceutical Promotion in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
5. Academic Detailing in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Principles, Use, Impact and Lessons Learned
Saval Khanal

Section III: Economic Evaluation and Medicine Expenditure in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
6. Economic Evaluation and Medicine Expenditure in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Gianluigi Casadei and Paola Minghetti

7. Medicine Pricing Policy and Strategies in Low- and Middle-Income Countries:  A Review
Nada Moustafa and Mohamed Izham Mohamed Ibrahim

8. Economic Evaluation of Predominant Disease in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Diabetes Mellitus
Asrul Akmal Shafie

Section IV: Pharmacovigilance and Patient Safety in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
9. Pharmacovigilance Practices and Activities: Issues, Challenges, and Future Direction
Subish Palaian

10. Behavioral Aspects of Pharmacovigilance: Research Methods Considerations
Vibhu Paudyal

11. Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Pharmacovigilance in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Dixon Thomas and Seeba Zachariah

Section V: Generic Medicines Used in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
12. Overcoming Challenges of Generic Medicine Utilization in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Lessons Learned from International Experiences
Mohamed Azmi Hassali and Zhi Yen Wong

13. Assessment of Policies, Determinants and Characteristics of Generic Medicine Entry into the Pharmaceutical Markets
Omotayo Fatokun

Section VI: Rational and Responsible Medicine Use in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
14. Misconceptions and Misues of Drugs by Prescribers, Dispensers and Consumers
Pathiyil Ravi Shankar

15. Strengths and Weaknesses of Pharmaceutical Policy in Relation to Rational and Responsible Medicines Use
Tuan Anh Nguyen and Elizabeth E. Roughead

16. Rational and Responsible Medicines Use
Arjun Poudel and Lisa M. Nissen

Section VII: Quality of Public Health Pharmacy Services in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
17. Quality of Pharmacy Health Services
Saira Azhar and Mohamed Izham Mohamed Ibrahim

18. Assessment of Medicine Dispensing and Extended Community Pharmacy Services
Mohamed Izham Mohamed Ibrahim

19. Enhancing Quality of Patient-Centered Care Services in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Pharmaceutical Care Approach
Dinesh Kumar Upadhyay and Ooi Guat See

20. Politics and Competition between Professions: Future Scope of Pharmacy Practice
Yu Fang and Kangkang Yan

Section VIII: Medicine Quality: Substandard and Counterfeit Medicine in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
21. Perspective, Knowledge, Attitude, and Belief of Various Stakeholders on Medicines Quality: Counterfeit and Substandard Medicines
Abubakr Abdelraouf Alfadl

Section IX: Medicine Information and Health Literacy in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
22. Issues on Source, Access, Extent and Quality of Information Available Among Pharmacists and Pharmacy Personnel to Practice Effectively
Ahmed Ibrahim Fathelrahman

Section X: Good Governance and Pharmaceutical Policy in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
23. Problems and Obstacles of Low- and Middle-Income Countries in Having Good Governance and Quality and Effective Pharmaceutical Policy
Sonak D. Pastakia, Benson N. Njuguna and Dan N. Tran

24. Pharmacogovernance: Advancing Pharmacovigilance and Patient Safety
Kathy Moscou and Jillian C. Kohler

25. Pharmaceutical Policy: Synthesis, Themes and Future Directions
Zaheer-Ud-Din Babar and Shane L. Scahill