Risk Factors in Atrial Fibrillation: Appraisal of AF Risk Stratification, An Issue of Cardiac Electrophysiology Clinics

1st Edition, Volume 13-1 - January 30, 2021
Editors: Mohammad Shenasa, Prashanthan Prashanthan
Language: English
Hardback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 8 2 7 7 4 - 4
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 8 2 7 7 5 - 1

This issue of Cardiac Electrophysiology Clinics, Guest Edited by Drs. Mohammad Shenasa, Prashanthan Sanders, and Stanley Nattel, is dedicated to Risk Factors in Atrial… Read more

Risk Factors in Atrial Fibrillation: Appraisal of AF Risk Stratification, An Issue of Cardiac Electrophysiology Clinics

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This issue of Cardiac Electrophysiology Clinics, Guest Edited by Drs. Mohammad Shenasa, Prashanthan Sanders, and Stanley Nattel, is dedicated to Risk Factors in Atrial Fibrillation: Appraisal of AF Risk Stratification. This is one of four issues selected each year by the series Consulting Editors, Ranjan K. Thakur and Andrea Natale. Topics include, but are not limited to, Epidemiology of Atrial Fibrillation; Hypertension, Prehypertension, Hypertensive Heart Disease and Atrial Fibrillation; Pulmonary Disease, Pulmonary Hypertension and Atrial Fibrillation; Heart Failure with Preserved (HFpEF) and Reduced (HFrEF) LV Systolic Function, Diastolic Dysfunction; Coronary Artery Disease; ECG and Echo Abnormalities in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation Risk Factors; Diabetes and Endocrine Disorders; Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome in Atrial Fibrillation; Renal Disease; Sleep Apnea and Atrial Fibrillation; Channelopathies in Atrial Fibrillation; Implications of Inflammation and Myocardial Fibrosis in Atrial Fibrillation; Role of Biomarkers in Atrial Fibrillation; Left Ventricular Hypertrophy and Other Cardiomyopathies in Atrial Fibrillation; Atrial Fibrillation in Valvular Heart Disease; Atrial Fibrillation in Adult Congenital Heart Disease; Exercise and Athletic Activity in Atrial Fibrillation; Post-op Atrial Fibrillation; Autonomic Dysfunction and Neurohormonal Disorders in Atrial Fibrillation; Social Risk Factors; Atrial Fibrillation and Stroke; Screening for Atrial Fibrillation Risk Factors; Primary Care and Internists Perspective on Atrial Fibrillation Risk Factors; and Lifestyle as a Risk Factor for Atrial Fibrillation.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Contributors
Forthcoming Issues
Foreword
Preface
Epidemiology of Atrial Fibrillation: Geographic/Ecological Risk Factors, Age, Sex, Genetics
Key points
Introduction
Geographic and sociodemographic variation of atrial fibrillation
Age
Sex
Ethnicity
Genetics of atrial fibrillation
Summary
Clinics care points
Implications of Inflammation and Fibrosis in Atrial Fibrillation Pathophysiology
Key points
Introduction
Evidence of atrial fibrillation risk in systemic inflammatory diseases
Evidence of inflammation in atrial fibrillation
Fundamentals of cardiac fibroblasts and fibrosis
Evidence of a link between inflammation and fibrosis in atrial fibrillation
Thrombogenicity in fibroinflammatory conditions in atrial fibrillation
Clinical assessment of fibroinflammatory condition in atrial fibrillation
Therapeutic options
Summary
Clinical care points
Risk Factors
Hypertension, Prehypertension, Hypertensive Heart Disease, and Atrial Fibrillation
Key points
Introduction
High blood pressure and atrial remodeling
Blood pressure indices, atrial fibrillation risk, and sinus rhythm maintenance
Blood pressure control and atrial fibrillation
Clinical implications
Future directions
Summary
Atrial Fibrillation and Heart Failure: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Prognosis, and Management
Key points
Introduction
Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
Epidemiology of atrial fibrillation–heart failure
Pathophysiology of atrial fibrillation–heart failure
Shared risk factors
Heart failure promotes incident atrial fibrillation
Atrial fibrillation promotes incident heart failure
Prognostic implications of atrial fibrillation–heart failure
Atrial fibrillation and heart failure with midrange ejection fraction
Management of atrial fibrillation–heart failure
Management of atrial fibrillation–heart failure with reduced ejection fraction
Management of atrial fibrillation–heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
Summary
Clinics care points
FINANCIAL DISCLOSURES
CONFLICT OF INTEREST DISCLOSURES
Diabetes and Endocrine Disorders (Hyperthyroidism/Hypothyroidism) as Risk Factors for Atrial Fibrillation
Key points
Introduction
Diabetes mellitus
Thyroid disease
Managements of strokes
Summary and future directions
Clinics care perspective
Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome in Atrial Fibrillation: Cardiac and Noncardiac Adipose Tissue in Atrial Fibrillation
Key points
Introduction
Epidemiology of obesity, metabolic syndrome, and atrial fibrillation
Cardiac and noncardiac adipose tissue
Mechanistic links between obesity, metabolic syndrome, and atrial fibrillation
Reversibility of obesity-related atrial fibrillation substrate
Future directions
Summary
Sleep Apnea and Atrial Fibrillation
Key points
Introduction
Pathophysiology
Assessment and diagnosis of sleep apnea in patients with atrial fibrillation
Prevalence of sleep apnea in patients with atrial fibrillation
Sleep apnea reduces the effectiveness of atrial fibrillation treatment
Treatment of sleep apnea in patients with atrial fibrillation
Clinical practice implications
Summary
Clinics care points: evidence-based pearls and pitfalls
Renal Disease and Atrial Fibrillation
Key points
Introduction
Methods
Epidemiology of atrial fibrillation and chronic kidney disease
Ischemic stroke and bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation and chronic kidney disease
Risk stratification tools
Thromboprophylaxis in patients with atrial fibrillation and non–end-stage kidney disease
Thromboprophylaxis in patients with atrial fibrillation and end-stage kidney disease
Other considerations: devices, rate and rhythm control
Summary
Clinics care points
Atrial Fibrillation in Valvular Heart Disease
Key points
Prevalence of rheumatic heart disease
Prevalence of atrial fibrillation in rheumatic heart disease
Incidence of atrial fibrillation in rheumatic heart disease
Sequel of atrial fibrillation
Asymptomatic atrial fibrillation in rheumatic heart disease
Predictors for atrial fibrillation in rheumatic heart disease
Structurally remodeling in mitral stenosis
Electroanatomical remodeling of the atria in rheumatic mitral stenosis
Acute effects reversal of chronic atrial stretch reversal on left and right atrial electrical remodeling
Long-term effects of chronic atrial stretch reversal
Spatiotemporal organization and electrogram fractionation
Remodeling of pulmonary veins due to chronic stretch
Summary
Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation: Features, Mechanisms, and Clinical Management
Key points
Introduction
Epidemiology and risk factors
Mechanisms
Clinical outcomes
Postoperative atrial fibrillation prophylaxis
Management of postoperative atrial fibrillation
Future directions
Summary
Funding sources
Post–Cardiac Surgery Atrial Fibrillation: Risks, Mechanisms, Prevention, and Management
Key points
Introduction
Risk factors
Length of stay/financial implications
Proposed mechanisms
Post–cardiac surgery atrial fibrillation prevention
Post–cardiac surgery atrial fibrillation treatment
Thromboembolic prophylaxis
Summary
Clinics care points
Pulmonary Disease, Pulmonary Hypertension and Atrial Fibrillation
Key points
Introduction
Epidemiology of atrial fibrillation in respiratory diseases
Pathophysiology of atrial fibrillation in pulmonary hypertension and right heart disease
Treatment challenges of atrial fibrillation in patients with pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary arterial hypertension
Potential targets for novel therapeutic research and development
Summary
Clinics care points
Atrial Fibrillation in Inherited Channelopathies
Key points
Familial atrial fibrillation
Brugada syndrome and atrial fibrillation
Genetic basis of atrial fibrillation in Brugada syndrome
Long QT syndrome and atrial fibrillation
Short QT syndrome and atrial fibrillation
Early repolarization syndrome and atrial fibrillation
Clinics care points
Social Risk Factors and Atrial Fibrillation
Key points
Introduction
Alcohol
Caffeine
Smoking
Chocolate
Cannabis
Air pollution
Vitamin D levels
Summary
Exercise and Athletic Activity in Atrial Fibrillation
Key points
Introduction
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical evaluation and management
Summary
Clinics care points
Autonomic Dysfunction and Neurohormonal Disorders in Atrial Fibrillation
Key points
Introduction
Cardiac autonomic innervation
Autonomic dysfunction in atrial fibrillation
Therapeutic strategies for atrial fibrillation targeting the autonomic nervous system
Summary
Pathophysiology, Risk Factors, and Management of Atrial Fibrillation in Adult Congenital Heart Disease
Key points
Introduction
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Risk factors for atrial fibrillation in congenital heart disease
Atrial fibrillation in patients with atrial septal defects
Management of atrial fibrillation in adults with congenital heart disease
Summary
Clinics care points
Risk Factors for Atrial Fibrillation Progression
Key points
Introduction
Pathophysiology of atrial fibrillation progression
Risk factors for atrial fibrillation progression
Discussion and clinical relevance
Summary
Clinics care points
Diagnostic Tests
Electrocardiographic and Echocardiographic Abnormalities in Patients with Risk Factors for Atrial Fibrillation
Key points
Introduction
Electrocardiographic markers for atrial fibrillation
PR-interval components
Electrocardiographic characterization of atrial fibrillation
Ashman phenomenon and atrial fibrillation
Echocardiographic abnormalities in patients with atrial fibrillation
Biomarkers in Atrial Fibrillation: Pathogenesis and Clinical Implications
Key points
Introduction
Future directions
Summary
Is Screening for Atrial Fibrillation and Its Risk Factors Useful and Cost-Effective?
Key points
Introduction
How and in whom to screen for atrial fibrillation?
Integrating atrial fibrillation screening with other health maintenance programs?
Is there a benefit in screening for cardiovascular risk factors in individuals with atrial fibrillation?
Sleep apnea
Multiple risk factors
Is there a benefit in screening for cardiovascular risk factors in individual with known atrial fibrillation and obesity?
Future directions
Clinics care points
Atrial Fibrillation and Stroke
Key points
Introduction
Diagnosis, risk assessment, and management
Summary
Clinics care points
A Team-Based Approach Toward Risk Factors of Atrial Fibrillation
Key points
Introduction
Risk factors for atrial fibrillation
Modifiable risk factors
Obesity
Physical inactivity
Obstructive sleep apnea
Hypertension and glycemic control
Excessive alcohol intake and smoking
Team-based approach and comprehensive management of atrial fibrillation
Summary
Clinics care points
Lifestyle as a Risk Factor for Atrial Fibrillation
Key points
Introduction
Hypertension
Obesity
Diabetes
Physical inactivity
Alcohol
Smoking
Health behavior change
Risk factor modification for incident atrial fibrillation
Risk factor modification in prevalent atrial fibrillation
How to implement a risk factor modification program
Summary
Clinics care points
Financial disclosure
Conflict of interest disclosures

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Mohammad Shenasa

Prashanthan Prashanthan