Regional and Specific Deposits

Chapter 1. The Timing of Mineralization in Stratiform Copper Deposits Introduction Criteria for Post-Sedimentary Mineralization at White Pine, Michigan Configuration of the Mineralized Zone Mineralogy Seal Lake, Labrador Creta, South-Central U.S.A The Kupferschiefer, North-Central Europe Central African Copperbelts The Zambian Copperbelt The Shaban Copperbelt Other Deposits Complementary Sources and Transport Mechanisms Concluding Remarks Acknowledgements Appendix - Usage of Some Descriptive and Genetic Terms in this Chapter ReferencesChapter 2. Oolitic Iron Formations Introduction Chronological Development of Oolitic-Inland-Sea Iron Formation Precambrian Oolitic-Inland-Sea Iron Formation Paleozoic Oolitic-Inland-Sea Iron Formation Mesozoic Oolitic-Inland-Sea Iron Formation Tertiary Oolitic-Inland-Sea Iron Formation Tertiary Oolitic-Inland-Sea Iron Formation of Colombia and Venezuela Introduction Stratigraphy of the Paz de Rio Area, Colombia General Features of the Paz de Rio Iron Formation Mineralogy of the Paz de Rio Iron Formation Petrography of the Paz de Rio Iron Formation Chemistry of the Paz de Rio Iron Formation Sedimentary Environment of the Paz de Rio Iron Formation Sabanalarga Oolitic-Inland-Sea Iron Formation Proposed Origin of Oolitic-Inland-Sea Iron Formations Statement of the Problem Outline of the Genetic Model Evaluation of the Genetic Model Evidence for the Genetic Model Previous Arguments Against Related Genetic Models Other Genetic Models for Oolitic-Inland-Sea Iron Formations Constraint on Sedimentation Rate Hypothesis of Marine Iron Supply Hypotheses of Fluvial Iron Supply Hypotheses of Lateral And Upward Groundwater Supply of Iron Miscellaneous Hypotheses Proposed Modern Lacustrine Ferriferous Oolite Relevant Quaternary Carbonate Ferruginization Possible Implications of the Genetic Model ReferencesChapter 3. Metalliferous Deep-Sea Sediments Introduction Background Metal Source and Composition Economic Significance and Related Ores Principal Types of Deep-Sea Metal-Enriched Sediments Carbonaceous Sediments Metalliferous Sediments Nature of Metal-Bearing Phases Iron Oxide Phases Iron Smectite Phase Sulphide Phases Manganese Oxide Phase Other Phases Size Fractionation and Chemical Leaching of the Iron Phases Marine Distribution and Nature of Surface and Near-Surface Deposits East Pacific Rise Iron in East Pacific Rise Sediments Bauer Deep Galapagos Spreading Centre Northeastern Pacific Southwestern Pacific Basin Mid-Atlantic Ridge Indian Ocean Red Sea Submarine Volcanic Vents Marine Distribution and Nature of Basal Deposits Pacific Ocean Atlantic Ocean Indian Ocean Sediment Chemistry Compositional Variation Metal Accumulation Rates Structural Setting and Associated Deposits Transform Fault Valley "A", Famous Area of Mid-Atlantic Ridge Tag Geothermal Area, North Atlantic Red Sea Ophiolite Sequences Massive Sulphide Ores Origin Significance to Geochemical Exploration for Ores Summary Acknowledgments ReferencesChapter 4. Recent Heavy-Metal Accumulation in Limnic Sediments Introduction Recent Sedimentary Environments of Metal Accumulation Lake Sediments Major Factors of Metal Accumulation in Recent Limnic Sediments Metal Distribution in Recent Lacustrine Sediments Geochemical Background Values for Freshwater Sediments Allochthonous Influences on the Heavy-Metal Composition in Recent Lacustrine Sediments Grain-Size Effects Natural Allochthonous Influences Man's Impact on Metal Distribution in Limnic Sediments Lake Sediments as Indicators of Metal Pollution Geochemical Reconnaissance of Limnic Sediments Autochthonous Processes Affecting Metal Concentrations in Recent Limnic Sediments Dilution of Heavy Metals by Endogenic Minerals in Lake Sediments Heavy-Metal Accumulation in Endogenic Phases of Lake Sediments Diagenetic Effects on Metal Accumulation in Limnic Sediments Phases of Heavy-Metal Accumulation in Limnic Sediments Extraction of Different Chemical Phases of Heavy Metals Separation of Heavy-Metal Associations with Fe and Mn Hydroxides Evaluation of Diagenetic Effects on Metal Phases in Limnic Sediments Extraction of Trace Metals from Carbonates Metal Bonding on Organic Material Metal Associations in Less-Polluted Lake Sediments Metal Phases in Contaminated Dredged Sediments Grain-Size Variations of Chemical Phases Phase Concentration Factors of Heavy Metals in Limnic Sediments Release of Heavy Metals from Sediments Conclusions Acknowledgements References Note Added in ProofChapter 5. Trace Metals in Fresh Waters (with Particular Reference to Mine Effluents) Introduction Sources and Effects of Metals in Natural Waters Water-Quality Criteria Transport Phases of Heavy Metals in River Waters Dependencies of Metal Transport from Water Discharge and Annual Cycles Dissolved Metal Concentrations in Large Freshwater Systems River-Sea Interface Metal Enrichment in Mine Effluents Conclusions ReferencesChapter 6. The Nature and Origin of Archaean Strata-Bound Volcanic-Associated Nickel-Iron-Copper Sulphide Deposits Introduction Genetic and Economic Importance Definition Comparison with Other Deposits Type Examples Nature of Review Temporal and Tectonic Setting Distribution and Age Tectonic Setting Structural, Metamorphic and Stratigraphic Setting Lithological Associations Introduction Metabasalt Sequences Metasedimentary Rocks Later Intrusives Ultramafic Stratigraphy The Ore Environment Introduction Mineralized Ultramafic Units Primary Sulphide Ores Mineralogy of Sulphide Ores Structural and Metamorphic Modification Of Ore Introduction Mesoscopic Features Microscopic Features Mineralogical Changes Associated Gold Mineralization Oxidation and Supergene Alteration of Ores Introduction Transition Zone Reactive Zone Supergene Zone Oxide Zone Supergene Alteration of Disseminated Sulphides Electrochemical Model for Supergene Alteration Gossans Geochemical Exploration Genetic Models Introduction Nature of Syngenetic Sulphides Source Of Magmatic Sulphides Emplacement of Sulphide-Rich Magmas Crystallization of Sulphide Ores Metamorphic Modification Summary Genetic Model Summary Acknowledgments ReferencesChapter 7. The Significance of Pyritic Black Shales in the Genesis of Archean Nickel Sulphide Deposits Introduction Contrasted Massive Ni-Sulphide Host Environments, and Definition of Environment Under Discussion Geological Relationships of Archean Massive Nickel-Sulphide Deposits Regional Setting Comparison of Deposits Ore Zones and Host Ultramafic Carbonate Alteration Chromite and Magnetite Association of Pyritic Sediments Structural Relationships Significance of Structural Data Geochemical Relationships Between Host Ultramafic and Ore Zone Discussion Ore Genesis Mechanisms in the Literature Observations Inadequately Explained by Current Mechanisms in the Literature Proposed Ore Genesis Mechanism Concluding Note Acknowledgements ReferencesChapter 8. Sediment-Hosted Submarine Exhalative Lead-Zinc Deposits - A Review of their Geological Characteristics and Genesis Introduction General Characteristics of Sediment-Hosted, Submarine Exhalative Mineralisation Regional Geological Setting Lineaments and Hinge Zones Age of Mineralisation Sedimentary Environment at the Site of Mineralisation Some Comparisons with the Geological Setting of Other Sediment-Hosted Pb-Zn Deposits Genesis of the Sediment-Hosted Submarine Exhalative Lead-Zinc Deposits Origin of the Metals and Sulphur The Ore-Bearing Solution Convective Circulation of the Metal-Bearing Solution Precipitation of the Metal Sulphides Relationship of Barite to Stratabound, Sediment-Hosted Sulphides Conclusions Acknowledgements ReferencesChapter 9. The Geology of the Meggen Ore Deposit Introduction Geologic Setting Stratigraphy The Meggen Basin The Meggen Reef Paleogeography The Attendorn Reef The Hachen Basin The Meggen Reef The Meggen Basin Tectonics The Ore Footwall Mineralization Hanging-Wall Mineralization Isotope Geochemistry Sulphur Isotopes Lead Isotopes Geochemistry of Elements Ore-Controlling Parameters (1) Relation to Pelagic Basinal Sediments of the Variscan Trough (2) Relation to Paleotopographical Depressions on the Sea Floor Which Acted as a Potential "Ore Trap" (3) Relation to Paleogeographical Turning Points (4) Relation to Culminations of Volcanic Activity or Intrusive Heat (5) Relation to Hydrothermally Altered And Mineralized Channelways (6) Relation to Active Faults And Lineaments Origin Acknowledgements ReferencesChapter 10. Genesis of the Rammelsberg Ore Deposit Near Goslar/Upper Harz, Federal Republic of Germany The Historical Development of Ideas on the Genesis of the Rammelsberg Ore Deposit The Stratigraphic and Palaeogeographic Development of the Environment of the Deposit and the Initial Geosynclinal Tuff Volcanism Tectonism of the Host and Surrounding Rocks of the Orebodies Primary Ore Fabrics, Ore-Mineral Parageneses, Distribution of Trace Elements and Sulphur Isotopes Silicification Phase (Origin of the "Kniest") The Main Ore Formation Tectonic Ore Fabric, Synkinematic Mineral Formation and Alteration Ore Mineralization in Silicified Lenses (so-Called Kniest Mineralization) and Other Post-Kinematic Mineralizations Summary and Conclusions Acknowledgements ReferencesChapter 11. Geology of the Pine Point Lead-Zinc District Introduction Geological Setting Stratigraphy Structural Evolution Diagenesis and Development of Sulfide-Hosting Structures Dolomitization Karstification and Development of Sulfide-Hosting Porosity Ore Deposits General Characteristics Metal Zoning Mineralogy Sulfide Textures and Sulfide-Carbonate Relationships Paragenesis Mineralization: Discussion Nature of the Transporting Fluid Source of Metals Source of Sulfur Fluid Movement Sulfide Precipitation and Concentration Timing Of Mineralization Comparison with Other Carbonate-Hosted Districts Summary Acknowledgements ReferencesChapter 12. Strata-Bound Tin Deposits Introduction Deposits in Precambrian Host Rocks Halsbrucke District, Erzgebirge (G.D.R.) and Gierczyn Area, Izera Mountains (Poland) Sullivan Mine, British Columbia (Canada) Rooiberg District, Transvaal (South Africa) Deposits In Phanerozoic Host Rocks Cleveland Mine, Tasmania (Australia) Belitung (Billiton) District (Indonesia) Kellhuani District (Bolivia) Okehampton District (England) Conclusions Acknowledgements References