Regional and Specific Deposits, Volume 9
1st Edition
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Table of Contents
Chapter 1. The Timing of Mineralization in Stratiform Copper Deposits
Introduction
Criteria for Post-Sedimentary Mineralization at White Pine, Michigan
Configuration of the Mineralized Zone
Mineralogy
Seal Lake, Labrador
Creta, South-Central U.S.A
The Kupferschiefer, North-Central Europe
Central African Copperbelts
The Zambian Copperbelt
The Shaban Copperbelt
Other Deposits
Complementary Sources and Transport Mechanisms
Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgements
Appendix - Usage of Some Descriptive and Genetic Terms in this Chapter
References
Chapter 2. Oolitic Iron Formations
Introduction
Chronological Development of Oolitic-Inland-Sea Iron Formation
Precambrian Oolitic-Inland-Sea Iron Formation
Paleozoic Oolitic-Inland-Sea Iron Formation
Mesozoic Oolitic-Inland-Sea Iron Formation
Tertiary Oolitic-Inland-Sea Iron Formation
Tertiary Oolitic-Inland-Sea Iron Formation of Colombia and Venezuela
Introduction
Stratigraphy of the Paz de Rio Area, Colombia
General Features of the Paz de Rio Iron Formation
Mineralogy of the Paz de Rio Iron Formation
Petrography of the Paz de Rio Iron Formation
Chemistry of the Paz de Rio Iron Formation
Sedimentary Environment of the Paz de Rio Iron Formation
Sabanalarga Oolitic-Inland-Sea Iron Formation
Proposed Origin of Oolitic-Inland-Sea Iron Formations
Statement of the Problem
Outline of the Genetic Model
Evaluation of the Genetic Model
Evidence for the Genetic Model
Previous Arguments Against Related Genetic Models
Other Genetic Models for Oolitic-Inland-Sea Iron Formations
Constraint on Sedimentation Rate
Hypothesis of Marine Iron Supply
Hypotheses of Fluvial Iron Supply
Hypotheses of Lateral And Upward Groundwater Supply of Iron
Miscellaneous Hypotheses
Proposed Modern Lacustrine Ferriferous Oolite
Relevant Quaternary Carbonate Ferruginization
Possible Implications of the Genetic Model
References
Chapter 3. Metalliferous Deep-Sea Sediments
Introduction
Background
Metal Source and Composition
Economic Significance and Related Ores
Principal Types of Deep-Sea Metal-Enriched Sediments
Carbonaceous Sediments
Metalliferous Sediments
Nature of Metal-Bearing Phases
Iron Oxide Phases
Iron Smectite Phase
Sulphide Phases
Manganese Oxide Phase
Other Phases
Size Fractionation and Chemical Leaching of the Iron Phases
Marine Distribution and Nature of Surface and Near-Surface Deposits
East Pacific Rise
Iron in East Pacific Rise Sediments
Bauer Deep
Galapagos Spreading Centre
Northeastern Pacific
Southwestern Pacific Basin
Mid-Atlantic Ridge
Indian Ocean
Red Sea
Submarine Volcanic Vents
Marine Distribution and Nature of Basal Deposits
Pacific Ocean
Atlantic Ocean
Indian Ocean
Sediment Chemistry
Compositional Variation
Metal Accumulation Rates
Structural Setting and Associated Deposits
Transform Fault Valley "A", Famous Area of Mid-Atlantic Ridge
Tag Geothermal Area, North Atlantic
Red Sea
Ophiolite Sequences
Massive Sulphide Ores
Origin
Significance to Geochemical Exploration for Ores
Summary
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 4. Recent Heavy-Metal Accumulation in Limnic Sediments
Introduction
Recent Sedimentary Environments of Metal Accumulation
Lake Sediments
Major Factors of Metal Accumulation in Recent Limnic Sediments
Metal Distribution in Recent Lacustrine Sediments
Geochemical Background Values for Freshwater Sediments
Allochthonous Influences on the Heavy-Metal Composition in Recent Lacustrine Sediments
Grain-Size Effects
Natural Allochthonous Influences
Man's Impact on Metal Distribution in Limnic Sediments
Lake Sediments as Indicators of Metal Pollution
Geochemical Reconnaissance of Limnic Sediments
Autochthonous Processes Affecting Metal Concentrations in Recent Limnic Sediments
Dilution of Heavy Metals by Endogenic Minerals in Lake Sediments
Heavy-Metal Accumulation in Endogenic Phases of Lake Sediments
Diagenetic Effects on Metal Accumulation in Limnic Sediments
Phases of Heavy-Metal Accumulation in Limnic Sediments
Extraction of Different Chemical Phases of Heavy Metals
Separation of Heavy-Metal Associations with Fe and Mn Hydroxides
Evaluation of Diagenetic Effects on Metal Phases in Limnic Sediments
Extraction of Trace Metals from Carbonates
Metal Bonding on Organic Material
Metal Associations in Less-Polluted Lake Sediments
Metal Phases in Contaminated Dredged Sediments
Grain-Size Variations of Chemical Phases
Phase Concentration Factors of Heavy Metals in Limnic Sediments
Release of Heavy Metals from Sediments
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Note Added in Proof
Chapter 5. Trace Metals in Fresh Waters (with Particular Reference to Mine Effluents)
Introduction
Sources and Effects of Metals in Natural Waters
Water-Quality Criteria
Transport Phases of Heavy Metals in River Waters
Dependencies of Metal Transport from Water Discharge and Annual Cycles
Dissolved Metal Concentrations in Large Freshwater Systems
River-Sea Interface
Metal Enrichment in Mine Effluents
Conclusions
References
Chapter 6. The Nature and Origin of Archaean Strata-Bound Volcanic-Associated Nickel-Iron-Copper Sulphide Deposits
Introduction
Genetic and Economic Importance
Definition
Comparison with Other Deposits
Type Examples
Nature of Review
Temporal and Tectonic Setting
Distribution and Age
Tectonic Setting
Structural, Metamorphic and Stratigraphic Setting
Lithological Associations
Introduction
Metabasalt Sequences
Metasedimentary Rocks
Later Intrusives
Ultramafic Stratigraphy
The Ore Environment
Introduction
Mineralized Ultramafic Units
Primary Sulphide Ores
Mineralogy of Sulphide Ores
Structural and Metamorphic Modification Of Ore
Introduction
Mesoscopic Features
Microscopic Features
Mineralogical Changes
Associated Gold Mineralization
Oxidation and Supergene Alteration of Ores
Introduction
Transition Zone
Reactive Zone
Supergene Zone
Oxide Zone
Supergene Alteration of Disseminated Sulphides
Electrochemical Model for Supergene Alteration
Gossans
Geochemical Exploration
Genetic Models
Introduction
Nature of Syngenetic Sulphides
Source Of Magmatic Sulphides
Emplacement of Sulphide-Rich Magmas
Crystallization of Sulphide Ores
Metamorphic Modification
Summary Genetic Model
Summary
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 7. The Significance of Pyritic Black Shales in the Genesis of Archean Nickel Sulphide Deposits
Introduction
Contrasted Massive Ni-Sulphide Host Environments, and Definition of Environment Under Discussion
Geological Relationships of Archean Massive Nickel-Sulphide Deposits
Regional Setting
Comparison of Deposits
Ore Zones and Host Ultramafic
Carbonate Alteration
Chromite and Magnetite
Association of Pyritic Sediments
Structural Relationships
Significance of Structural Data
Geochemical Relationships Between Host Ultramafic and Ore Zone
Discussion
Ore Genesis Mechanisms in the Literature
Observations Inadequately Explained by Current Mechanisms in the Literature
Proposed Ore Genesis Mechanism
Concluding Note
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 8. Sediment-Hosted Submarine Exhalative Lead-Zinc Deposits - A Review of their Geological Characteristics and Genesis
Introduction
General Characteristics of Sediment-Hosted, Submarine Exhalative Mineralisation
Regional Geological Setting
Lineaments and Hinge Zones
Age of Mineralisation
Sedimentary Environment at the Site of Mineralisation
Some Comparisons with the Geological Setting of Other Sediment-Hosted Pb-Zn Deposits
Genesis of the Sediment-Hosted Submarine Exhalative Lead-Zinc Deposits
Origin of the Metals and Sulphur
The Ore-Bearing Solution
Convective Circulation of the Metal-Bearing Solution
Precipitation of the Metal Sulphides
Relationship of Barite to Stratabound, Sediment-Hosted Sulphides
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 9. The Geology of the Meggen Ore Deposit
Introduction
Geologic Setting
Stratigraphy
The Meggen Basin
The Meggen Reef
Paleogeography
The Attendorn Reef
The Hachen Basin
The Meggen Reef
The Meggen Basin
Tectonics
The Ore
Footwall Mineralization
Hanging-Wall Mineralization
Isotope Geochemistry
Sulphur Isotopes
Lead Isotopes
Geochemistry of Elements
Ore-Controlling Parameters
(1) Relation to Pelagic Basinal Sediments of the Variscan Trough
(2) Relation to Paleotopographical Depressions on the Sea Floor Which Acted as a Potential "Ore Trap"
(3) Relation to Paleogeographical Turning Points
(4) Relation to Culminations of Volcanic Activity or Intrusive Heat
(5) Relation to Hydrothermally Altered And Mineralized Channelways
(6) Relation to Active Faults And Lineaments
Origin
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 10. Genesis of the Rammelsberg Ore Deposit Near Goslar/Upper Harz, Federal Republic of Germany
The Historical Development of Ideas on the Genesis of the Rammelsberg Ore Deposit
The Stratigraphic and Palaeogeographic Development of the Environment of the Deposit and the Initial Geosynclinal Tuff Volcanism
Tectonism of the Host and Surrounding Rocks of the Orebodies
Primary Ore Fabrics, Ore-Mineral Parageneses, Distribution of Trace Elements and Sulphur Isotopes
Silicification Phase (Origin of the "Kniest")
The Main Ore Formation
Tectonic Ore Fabric, Synkinematic Mineral Formation and Alteration
Ore Mineralization in Silicified Lenses (so-Called Kniest Mineralization) and Other Post-Kinematic Mineralizations
Summary and Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 11. Geology of the Pine Point Lead-Zinc District
Introduction
Geological Setting
Stratigraphy
Structural Evolution
Diagenesis and Development of Sulfide-Hosting Structures
Dolomitization
Karstification and Development of Sulfide-Hosting Porosity
Ore Deposits
General Characteristics
Metal Zoning
Mineralogy
Sulfide Textures and Sulfide-Carbonate Relationships
Paragenesis
Mineralization: Discussion
Nature of the Transporting Fluid
Source of Metals
Source of Sulfur
Fluid Movement
Sulfide Precipitation and Concentration
Timing Of Mineralization
Comparison with Other Carbonate-Hosted Districts
Summary
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 12. Strata-Bound Tin Deposits
Introduction
Deposits in Precambrian Host Rocks
Halsbrucke District, Erzgebirge (G.D.R.) and Gierczyn Area, Izera Mountains (Poland)
Sullivan Mine, British Columbia (Canada)
Rooiberg District, Transvaal (South Africa)
Deposits In Phanerozoic Host Rocks
Cleveland Mine, Tasmania (Australia)
Belitung (Billiton) District (Indonesia)
Kellhuani District (Bolivia)
Okehampton District (England)
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Description
Handbook of Strata-Bound and Stratiform Ore Deposits, Volume 9: Regional and Specific Deposits focuses on the processes, methodologies, principles, and approaches involved in the identification of regional and specific ore deposits.
The selection first elaborates on the timing of mineralization in stratiform copper deposits, oolitic iron formations, and metalliferous deep-sea sediments. Discussions focus on marine distribution and nature of surface and near-surface deposits, structural setting and associated deposits, principal types of deep-sea metal-enriched sediments, chronological development of oolitic-inland-sea iron formation, and complementary sources and transport mechanisms.
The text then tackles heavy-metal accumulation in limnic sediments, trace metals in fresh waters, nature and origin of Archaean strata-bound volcanic associated nickel-iron-copper sulphide deposits, and the significance of pyritic black shales in the genesis of Archean nickel sulphide deposits. Topics include lithological associations, oxidation and supergene alteration of ores, temporal and tectonic setting, dissolved metal concentrations in large freshwater systems, and transport phases of heavy metals in river water. The publication examines strata-bound tin deposits, geology of the Pine Point lead-zinc district, and genesis of the Rammelsberg ore deposit near Goslar/Upper Harz in the Federal Republic of Germany.
The selection is a valuable reference for researchers wanting to explore ore deposits.
Details
- Language:
- English
- Copyright:
- © Elsevier Science 1981
- Published:
- 1st January 1981
- Imprint:
- Elsevier Science
- eBook ISBN:
- 9780444597076
Ratings and Reviews
About the Author
Bozzano Luisa
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