Refrigeration, Air Conditioning and Heat Pumps

5th Edition - March 2, 2016
Author: G F Hundy
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 0 8 - 1 0 0 6 4 7 - 4
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 0 8 - 1 0 0 6 6 6 - 5

Refrigeration, Air Conditioning and Heat Pumps, Fifth Edition, provides a comprehensive introduction to the principles and practice of refrigeration. Clear and comprehen… Read more

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Refrigeration, Air Conditioning and Heat Pumps, Fifth Edition,
provides a comprehensive introduction to the principles and practice of refrigeration. Clear and comprehensive, it is suitable for both trainee and professional HVAC engineers, with a straightforward approach that also helps inexperienced readers gain a comprehensive introduction to the fundamentals of the technology. With its concise style and broad scope, the book covers most of the equipment and applications professionals will encounter. The simplicity of the descriptions helps users understand, specify, commission, use, and maintain these systems.

It is a must-have text for anyone who needs thorough, foundational information on refrigeration and air conditioning, but without textbook pedagogy. It includes detailed technicalities or product-specific information. New material to this edition includes the latest developments in refrigerants and lubricants, together with updated information on compressors, heat exchangers, liquid chillers, electronic expansion valves, controls, and cold storage. In addition, efficiency, environmental impact, split systems, retail refrigeration (supermarket systems and cold rooms), industrial systems, fans, air infiltration, and noise are also included.

Preface
Preface to the Previous Edition
Acknowledgements
List of Abbreviations
Chapter 1: Fundamentals
- Abstract
- 1.1. Introduction
- 1.2. Temperature, work and heat
- 1.3. Heat and enthalpy
- 1.4. Boiling point
- 1.5. General gas laws
- 1.6. Dalton’s law
- 1.7. The pressure – enthalpy chart
- 1.8. Heat transfer
- 1.9. Transient heat flow
- 1.10. Two-phase heat transfer
Chapter 2: The Refrigeration Cycle
- Abstract
- 2.1. Ideal cycle
- 2.2. Simple vapour compression cycle
- 2.3. Practical considerations and COP
- 2.4. Multistage cycles
- 2.5. Transcritical carbon dioxide cycles
- 2.6. Heat powered cycles
- 2.7. Other processes
Chapter 3: Refrigerants
- Abstract
- 3.1. Introduction
- 3.2. Ideal properties for a refrigerant
- 3.3. Ozone depletion potential
- 3.4. Global warming potential
- 3.5. Nomenclature
- 3.6. Refrigerant blends and glide
- 3.7. Legislation
- 3.8. Containment and training
- 3.9. Refrigerant applications
- 3.10. Refrigerants and efficiency
- 3.11. Health and safety
- 3.12. Innovation
Chapter 4: Compressors
- Abstract
- 4.1. Introduction
- 4.2. The piston compression process
- 4.3. Multi-cylinder compressors
- 4.4. Valves
- 4.5. Capacity reduction
- 4.6. Enclosed motors
- 4.7. Open compressors
- 4.8. Cooling and protection
- 4.9. Strainers, lubrication and crankcase heaters
- 4.10. Compressor efficiency
- 4.11. Screw compressors
- 4.12. Scroll compressors
- 4.13. Sliding and rotary vane compressors
- 4.14. Dynamic compressors
- 4.15. Refrigerant suitability
Chapter 5: Oil in Refrigerant Circuits
- Abstract
- 5.1. Introduction
- 5.2. Requirements and characteristics
- 5.3. Moisture and AIR contamination
- 5.4. Oil separators
- 5.5. Oil circulation
- 5.6. Oil properties summary
Chapter 6: Condensers and Cooling Towers
- Abstract
- 6.1. Introduction
- 6.2. Heat to be removed
- 6.3. Air-cooled condensers
- 6.4. Water-cooled condensers
- 6.5. Cooling towers and dry coolers
- 6.6. Evaporative condensers
- 6.7. Water treatment
- 6.8. Condenser maintenance
- 6.9. Legionella
- 6.10. Design considerations
- 6.11. Low ambient operation
- 6.12. Receivers
- 6.13. Heat-pump condensers
Chapter 7: Evaporators
- Abstract
- 7.1. Introduction
- 7.2. Air cooling evaporators
- 7.3. Liquid cooling evaporators
- 7.4. Plate evaporators for freezing
- 7.5. Defrosting
- 7.6. Condensate pumps
Chapter 8: Expansion Valves
- Abstract
- 8.1. Introduction
- 8.2. Thermostatic expansion valves
- 8.3. External equaliser
- 8.4. Electronic expansion valves
- 8.5. Capillary tubes and restrictors
- 8.6. Low-pressure float valves and switches
- 8.7. High-pressure float valves
- 8.8. Other level controls
Chapter 9: Controls and Other Circuit Components
- Abstract
- 9.1. Introduction
- 9.2. Main control functions
- 9.3. Safety and protection devices
- 9.4. Oil-pressure switches
- 9.5. Pressure and temperature indicators
- 9.6. Solenoid valves
- 9.7. Evaporator pressure regulation valves
- 9.8. Hot gas by-pass valves
- 9.9. Shut-off valves
- 9.10. Filter-driers
- 9.11. Sight glasses
- 9.12. Suction accumulators
- 9.13. Suction-to-liquid heat exchangers
- 9.14. Condenser pressure regulators
- 9.15. Strainers
- 9.16. Charging connection
- 9.17. Check valves
- 9.18. Liquid refrigerant pumps
Chapter 10: Component Selection and Balancing
- Abstract
- 10.1. Introduction
- 10.2. Criteria and options
- 10.3. Evaporating temperature
- 10.4. Evaporator
- 10.5. Compressor
- 10.6. Condenser
- 10.7. Expansion valve
- 10.8. Sizing pipe and other components
- 10.9. Re-check components
Chapter 11: Installation and Construction
- Abstract
- 11.1. Introduction
- 11.2. Materials
- 11.3. Pressure safety and containment
- 11.4. Pipe-joining methods
- 11.5. Piping for oil return
- 11.6. Siting, access and pipe supports
- 11.7. Instruments
- 11.8. Rising liquid lines
- 11.9. Vibration
- 11.10. Cleanliness of piping
- 11.11. Evacuation
- 11.12. Charging with refrigerant
- 11.13. Insulation
- 11.14. Water circuits
- 11.15. Non-condensable gases
Chapter 12: Distributed Cooling and Heating
- Abstract
- 12.1. Introduction
- 12.2. Refrigerant circulation
- 12.3. Chilled water
- 12.4. Baudelot coolers and ice bank coils
- 12.5. Ice manufacture
- 12.6. Secondary coolants
- 12.7. Phase change materials as secondary coolants
- 12.8. Thermal storage
Chapter 13: Packaged Units
- Abstract
- 13.1. Introduction
- 13.2. Condensing units
- 13.3. Compressor packs
- 13.4. Chillers and air cooling packages
- 13.5. Split packages
- 13.6. Testing of packaged units
- 13.7. Other packages
Chapter 14: Food Refrigeration and Freezing
- Abstract
- 14.1. Introduction
- 14.2. Pre-storage treatment
- 14.3. Pre-cooling
- 14.4. Freezing
- 14.5. Quick freezing
- 14.6. Contact freezing
- 14.7. Freeze drying
- 14.8. Post-storage operations
Chapter 15: Cold Storage and Refrigeration Load Estimation
- Abstract
- 15.1. Introduction
- 15.2. Cold storage loads
- 15.3. Product cooling
- 15.4. Conducted and radiated heat
- 15.5. Convected heat
- 15.6. Internal heat sources
- 15.7. Heat of respiration
- 15.8. Packing and handling
- 15.9. Frost avoidance
- 15.10. Insulation and vapour barriers
- 15.11. Sectional cold rooms
- 15.12. Cold store construction
- 15.13. Floors
- 15.14. Frost heave
- 15.15. Fire risk
- 15.16. Door and safety exits
- 15.17. Interior finish and fittings
- 15.18. Evaporators
- 15.19. Automated cold stores
- 15.20. Security of operation
Chapter 16: Food Refrigeration – Product by Product
- Abstract
- 16.1. Introduction
- 16.2. Meat industry applications
- 16.3. Boned, boxed and processed meats
- 16.4. Pork and bacon
- 16.5. Poultry
- 16.6. Fish
- 16.7. Milk and milk products
- 16.8. Ice cream
- 16.9. Beer and brewing
- 16.10. Wines and spirits
- 16.11. Soft drinks
- 16.12. Fruits
- 16.13. Vegetables
- 16.14. Bakery products
- 16.15. Ready meals
- 16.16. Chocolate
Chapter 17: The Cold Chain – Transport, Storage, Retail
- Abstract
- 17.1. Introduction
- 17.2. Air transport
- 17.3. Sea and intermodal transport
- 17.4. Road and rail transport
- 17.5. Logistics
- 17.6. Refrigerated display
- 17.7. Retail refrigeration
- 17.8. Transition to low gwp refrigerants
Chapter 18: Industrial Applications
- Abstract
- 18.1. Introduction
- 18.2. R717 and R744 industrial systems
- 18.3. Chilled liquids for cooling
- 18.4. Solvent recovery
- 18.5. Low-temperature liquid storage and transport
- 18.6. De-waxing of oils
- 18.7. Ice and snow sports
- 18.8. Cooling concrete
- 18.9. Ground freezing
- 18.10. Low-temperature testing
- 18.11. Chemical industry
Chapter 19: Air and Water Vapour Mixtures
- Abstract
- 19.1. Introduction
- 19.2. Calculation of properties
- 19.3. Moisture content, percentage saturation, and relative humidity
- 19.4. Dew point
- 19.5. Wet bulb temperature
- 19.6. The psychrometric chart
- 19.7. Effects on human comfort
- 19.8. Climatic conditions
- 19.9. Other comfort factors
- 19.10. Air quality
Chapter 20: Air Treatment Fundamentals
- Abstract
- 20.1. Introduction
- 20.2. Heating
- 20.3. Mixing of airstreams
- 20.4. Sensible cooling
- 20.5. Water spray (adiabatic saturation)
- 20.6. Steam injection
- 20.7. Air washer with chilled water
- 20.8. Cooling and dehumidifying coil
- 20.9. Sensible–latent ratio
- 20.10. Multi-step processes
- 20.11. Process analysis
Chapter 21: Practical Air Treatment
- Abstract
- 21.1. Introduction
- 21.2. Heating
- 21.3. Cooling
- 21.4. Dehumidification
- 21.5. Numerical Examples
Chapter 22: Air Conditioning Load Estimation
- Abstract
- 22.1. Introduction
- 22.2. Components of load
- 22.3. Conduction heat gains
- 22.4. Solar heat
- 22.5. Fresh air
- 22.6. Internal heat sources
- 22.7. Assessment of total load estimates
Chapter 23: Air Movement
- Abstract
- 23.1. Introduction
- 23.2. Static and total pressure
- 23.3. Measuring devices
- 23.4. Fans
- 23.5. Fan laws and fan control
- 23.6. Flow of air in ducts
- 23.7. Flow of air under kinetic energy
- 23.8. Flow of air in a room
- 23.9. Grilles
- 23.10. Return air
- 23.11. Textile ducting
- 23.12. Air filtration
- 23.13. Cleanliness and cleaning of ducting
Chapter 24: Air Conditioning Methods and Applications
- Abstract
- 24.1. Introduction
- 24.2. Air handling units
- 24.3. Fan coil units
- 24.4. Integral units
- 24.5. Underfloor systems
- 24.6. Static cooling devices
- 24.7. Packaged units and split systems
- 24.8. Transport air conditioning
- 24.9. Data centre cooling applications
- 24.10. Dehumification applications
Chapter 25: Heat Pumps and Integrated Systems
- Abstract
- 25.1. Introduction
- 25.2. Heat recovery and reversible air conditioners
- 25.3. Ground source heat pumps
- 25.4. Air source heat pumps
- 25.5. Heat delivery in residential and commercial heat pumps
- 25.6. VRV/VRF systems
- 25.7. Two-pipe systems
- 25.8. Hybrid heat pumps
- 25.9. Engine-driven and heat powered heat pumps
- 25.10. Heat recovery from refrigeration installations
Chapter 26: Control Systems
- Abstract
- 26.1. Introduction
- 26.2. The control loop
- 26.3. Detectors and sensors
- 26.4. Controllers
- 26.5. Controlled devices
- 26.6. Controls communications
- 26.7. Control system planning
- 26.8. Commissioning of control systems
- 26.9. The internet of things
Chapter 27: Commissioning and Maintenance
- Abstract
- 27.1. Introduction
- 27.2. Specification
- 27.3. Commissioning
- 27.4. Performance measurements
- 27.5. Planned maintenance
- 27.6. Repairs and modifications
- 27.7. Faultfinding
- 27.8. Running log
- 27.9. Leak testing
- 27.10. Mandatory inspections
- 27.11. Training and competence
Chapter 28: Efficiency, Running Cost and Carbon Footprint
- Abstract
- 28.1. Introduction
- 28.2. Energy efficiency, COP and SEI
- 28.3. Energy efficiency, practical considerations
- 28.4. Running cost
- 28.5. Life cycle cost analysis
- 28.6. Heat pump/boiler comparison
- 28.7. Efficiency standards, certification and labelling
- 28.8. Commitment to energy savings
Chapter 29: Noise and Vibration
- Abstract
- 29.1. Introduction
- 29.2. Noise sources
- 29.3. Noise transmission and attenuation
- 29.4. Noise perception
- 29.5. Some simple rules
- 29.6. Published information
- 29.7. Air system noise
- 29.8. Noise prediction software
- 29.9. Vibration
Chapter 30: Renewable Energy Innovations
- Abstract
- 30.1. Introduction
- 30.2. Renewable energy storage and availability
- 30.3. Efficiency
- 30.4. Examples
Appendix: Notes on Units of Measurement
List of Some Suggested Sources of Further Information
Useful Web Sites
References
Subject Index

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G F Hundy