Radiation Chemistry of Carbohydrates

Radiation Chemistry of Carbohydrates is a five-chapter book that deals with the detailed analysis of experimental data on the radiation chemistry of carbohydrates. After introducing the focus of the study, this book discusses the radiation chemistry of water and aqueous solutions. This discussion is followed by a topic on the general approaches and methods of investigation of the radiolysis of carbohydrates. This text also looks into the radiolysis of various classes of carbohydrates and into the major transformations of carbohydrates induced by irradiation. This book will be helpful for students and experts in the field of chemistry and related disciplines.

Preface

Chapter 1 Introduction

Chapter 2 Radiation Chemistry of Water and Aqueous Solutions

2.1 Radiolysis of Water

2.1.1 The Yields of Intermediates during Water Radiolysis

2.1.2 Properties and Reactions of the Intermediates in the Radiolysis of Water

2.2 Radical Transformations during the Radiolysis of Aqueous Solutions

Chapter 3 General Approaches and Methods of Investigation of the Radiolysis of Carbohydrates

3.1 Kinetic Methods

3.2 Electron Spin Resonance

3.3 Pulse Radiolysis

3.3.1 Identification of Transient Species in Radiolysis

3.3.2 The Study of the Kinetics of Radiation-induced Reactions

3.3.3 The Determination of the Absolute Rate Constants of Radiation-induced Transformations

3.4 Methods of Analysis of Irradiated Solutions

3.4.1 Chromatographic Methods

3.4.2 Other Physical/Chemical Methods

3.4.3 Chemical Methods

3.4.4 Enzymatic Methods

3.4.5 Radioisotopic Methods

3.5 Methods of Isolation and Purification of Radiolysis Products

3.5.1 Preliminary Separation

3.5.2 Isolation of the Individual Products

3.6 Structural Analysis of Carbohydrate Radiolysis Products

3.6.1 Qualitative Investigations

3.6.2 Application of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

3.6.3 Chemical Methods

3.6.4 Mass Spectrometry

3.6.5 Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry

3.7 Some Examples of Elucidation of Structures of Products

Chapter 4 Radiolysis of Various Classes of Carbohydrates

4.1 General Characteristics of Irradiated Carbohydrates

4.1.1 Ultraviolet Absorbing Products

4.1.2 Peroxy-compound Formation

4.2 Polyalcohols

4.3 Monosaccharides

4.3.1 Frozen Aqueous Solutions

4.4 Aminosugars

4.5 Glycosides

4.5.1 Aliphatic Glycosides

4.5.2 Disaccharides

4.5.3 Aromatic Glycosides

4.6 Sugar Phosphates

4.7 Monosaccharide Derivatives

4.8 Oligo- and Polysaccharides

4.8.1 Radiolysis of Oligosaccharides

4.8.2 Radiolysis of Polysaccharides

Chapter 5 The Major Transformations of Carbohydrates Induced by Irradiation

5.1 Early Processes

5.1.1 Reactions with Hydroxyl Radicals

5.1.2 Reactions with Hydrated Electrons

5.1.3 Reactions with Hydrogen Atoms

5.1.4 Reactions with the other Water Radiolysis Products

5.2 Reactions of the Primary Carbohydrate Radicals

5.2.1 Disproportionation

5.2.2 Unimolecular Decomposition

5.2.3 Isomerisation

5.2.4 Combination Reactions

5.2.5 Reactions of the Primary Radicals with the Radical Products of Water Radiolysis

5.2.6 Reactions of the Primary Radicals with Oxygen, Water and Hydrogen Peroxide

5.2.7 Reactions of the Primary Radicals with the Solute

5.3 Major Processes Following Irradiation of Carbohydrates

5.3.1 The Oxidation Processes

5.3.2 Oxidative Degradation

5.3.3 Formation of Deoxy Sugars

5.3.4 Formation of Deoxyketo Sugars

5.3.5 The Radiation-induced Scission of Glycosidic Bonds

5.3.6 The Radiation-induced Dephosphorylation

Appendix of Additional References

Index