Psychoneuroimmunology
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Psychoneuroimmunology, Second Edition presents reports on the relationship between the nervous and immune systems. The book is divided into four sections. The first section details the role of neural structures and neurotransmitter signals in communication with the immune system. It documents the extensive neural connections with organs of the immune system; the dynamics of noradrenergic sympathetic innervation of spleen and thymus; and the evidence for immune signaling of the CNS. Part II elaborates the role of hormones in the modulation of immune functions; the basis for bidirectional communication between the neuroendocrine and immune systems; and the potential physiological implications of these neuroendocrine-immune system interactions. The third part addresses behavioral influences on immune response; the effects of conditioning, stress and social interactions in modulating immune responses; and the behavioral consequences of experimentally altered or genetically determined immunologic states. The final section presents the effects of psychosocial factors on immune responses and the potential impact of behavioral interventions in modulating immunity in healthy human subjects and in patients with AIDS. Neuroscientists, endocrinologists, and immunologists will find the book interesting.
Table of Contents
Contributors
Preface
Part I Neurochemical Links between the Nervous and Immune Systems
Central Neural Circuits Involved in Neural-Immune Interactions
Introduction
Effects of CNS Lesions on the Immune System
CNS Responses to Immunization
Mediators of Immune-Neural Communication
Immunologic Effects on Behavior
Conclusions
References
Innervation of Lymphoid Tissue
Introduction
Bone Marrow
Thymus
Spleen
Lymph Nodes
Other Lymphoid Accumulations
Interpreting Neuroanatomical Data
Summary
References
Ontogeny and Senescence of Noradrenergic Innervation of the Rodent Thymus and Spleen
Introduction
Ontogeny of Sympathetic Neurotransmission in the Thymus
Ontogeny of Sympathetic Neurotransmission in the Spleen
Noradrenergic Innervation of the Mature and Aging Thymus
Noradrenergic Innervation of the Mature and Aging Spleen
β-Adrenergic Receptors on Cells of the Immune System with Age
Significance of Age-Related Alterations in Noradrenergic Sympathetic Innervation of Lymphoid Organs: Possible Relationship to an Age-Related Decline in Immune Function
Summary
References
Neocortex Lateralization of Immune Function and of the Activities of Imuthiol, a T-Cell Specific Immunopotentiator
Introduction
Lateralized Influence of Neocortex on Immune Function
Immunoenhancing Effects of Imuthiol Are under Lateralized Neocortical Control
Conclusions
References
T-Lymphocyte Entry and Antigen Recognition in the Central Nervous System
Introduction
T-Lymphocyte Entry into the Central Nervous System
Antigen Presentation in the Central Nervous System
Summary
References
Interaction of the Mucosal Immune and Peripheral Nervous Systems
Introduction
Mucosal Architecture
Innervation of Immune Cells in Mucosal Sites
Nerve Growth Factor
Intersystem Communication
Possible Mucosal Neuroimmunological Pathways
Conclusions
References
Immunologic Properties of Substance P
Introduction
Substance P and Human Inflammatory Disorders
Cellular Interactions with Substance P
Substance P Receptors
Conclusions
References
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide and Immune Function
Introduction
Structure and Biosynthesis
Availability and Distribution
Binding of Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide to Lymphoid Cells
Opportunity of Lymphoid Cells to Bind Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide
Effects of Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide on Lymphoid Cells
Vasoactive Interstinal Peptide
Future Directions
References
Production and Recognition of Neuropeptides by Cells of the Immune System
Introduction
Neuroendocrine Peptides from Immunological Cells
Conversion and Degradation of Neuropeptides by Immune Cells
Neuropeptide Mediation of Immunological Reactions, Inflammation, and Tissue Repair Processes
Human Lymphocyte Receptors for Neuropeptides
Pathogenetic Roles of Neuropeptides in Immune Diseases
Summary
References
Catecholamine Action and Immunologic Reactivity
Introduction
Catecholamines and Lymphocyte Responsiveness in Vitro
Catecholamines and Lymphocyte Activity in Vivo
Discussion: Role of Catecholamines in the Regulation of Immune Reactivity
Conclusions
References
Neurotransmitters and Molecular Signaling in the Immune Response
Introduction
Role of Catecholamines in Modulating Immunity
Modulation of T-Cell Function by Stimulation of β-Adrenergic Receptors
Molecular Neuroimmunomodulation—Consequences of Dual Receptor Signaling
Concluding Remarks
References
Part II Neuroendocrine—Immune System Interactions
Effects of Hypophysectomy on Immune Function
Introduction
The Pituitary Gland
Methods of Hypophysectomy and Pituitary Grafting
Hypophysectomy, Hemopoiesis, and Immunity
Discussion
Summary
References
Growth Hormone in Immunobiology
Introduction
A Look at the Past
Growth Hormone Deficiency
Growth Hormone, Thymic Involution, and Aging
Growth Hormone and Lymphocytes
Growth Hormone and Hemopoiesis
Growth Hormone and Phagocytic Cells
Growth Hormone in the Immune Response
A Look to the Future
References
Prolactin and Immune Function
Introduction
Physiological and Pharmacological Regulation of Prolactin Secretion
Effects of Prolactin on Immune Function
Cellular Effects of Prolactin in Immune Tissues
Questions for Future Research
Summary
References
Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone and Proopiomelanocortin-Derived Peptides in the Modulation of Immune Function
Introduction
Induction of Proopiomelanocortin-Derived Peptides by Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone
Influence of Proopiomelanocortin-Derived Peptides on Immune Function
Epilogue
References
Glucocorticoids and Immune Function
Introduction
Molecular Mechanisms of Glucocorticoid Actions
Glucocorticoid Modulation of Mediators of Immune and Inflammatory Reactions
Glucocorticoid Effects on Mononuclear Phagocytes
References
Sex Hormones and Immune Function
Introduction
Male/Female Differences in Immunity
Effect of Sex Steroids on the Immune System
References
Role of the Pineal Neurohormone Melatonin in the Psycho-Neuroendocrine-Immune Network
Introduction
Immunologic Relevance of Endogenous Melatonin
Immunologic Effect of Exogenous Melatonin
Mechanism of Action
Preliminary Clinical Studies
Conclusions and Perspectives
References
Thymic Hormones and Immune Function: Mediation via Neuroendocrine Circuits
Introduction
Thymic Hormones and Reproductive Function
Thymic Hormones and the Pituitary-Adrenal Axis
Discussion
References
First and Second Messengers in the Development and Function of Thymus-Dependent Lymphocytes
Introduction
First Messengers
Second Messengers
Conclusion
References
Long-Term Effects of Neuroendocrine-Immune Interactions during Early Development
Introduction
Interactions between the Immune System and the Central Nervous System
Critical Periods in Development
Endocrine Influence on Immunity
Immune System Modulation of Endocrine Pathways in Early Development
References
Neuropeptide Hormones and Receptors Common to the Immune and Neuroendocrine Systems: Bidirectional Pathway of Intersystem Communication
Introduction
Neuropeptide Hormone Production by Cells of the Immune System
Neuropeptide Hormone Receptors on Cells of the Immune System
Discussion
References
Physiological Implications of the Immune-Neuro-Endocrine Network
Introduction
The Immune System as a Receptor Sensorial Organ
Immune-Neuro-Endocrine Regulatory Circuits
Host Metabolic Adjustments Mediated by the Immune System
Summary and Overview
References
Part III Behavior—Immune System Interactions
The Influence of Conditioning on Immune Responses
Introduction
Modern Studies of Conditioning and Immune Function
Dissociation of Conditioned Behavioral and Immune Responses
Adrenocortical Responses and Conditioned Immune Responses
Summary
References
Conditioned Immunosuppression: Analysis of Lymphocytes and Host Environment of Young and Aged Mice
Introduction
Conditioned Immunosuppression in Mice
T Cells, Aging, and Conditioned Immunosuppression
Summary and Future Research
References
Immunopharmacological Tolerance as a Conditioned Response: Dissecting the Brain-Immune Pathways
Introduction
Conditioning Analysis of Drug Tolerance
Immunopharmacological Tolerance: Associative Parameters
Immunopharmacological Tolerance: Mechanisms
Summary and Conclusions
References
Behavioral Adaptations in Autoimmune Disease-Susceptible Mice
Introduction
Taste Aversion Learning in Lupus-Prone Mice
Voluntary Consumption of Cyclophosphamide by Lupus-Prone Mice
Discussion
References
Autoimmunity and Cognitive Decline in Aging and Alzheimer's Disease
Introduction
Immunologic Perturbation of Central Nervous System Function
The Blood-Brain Barrier and Neuroimmunopathology
Brain-Reactive Antibodies and Aging
Brain-Reactive Antibodies and Alzheimer's Disease
Autoimmunity and Neurobehavioral Alterations in Aging Rodents
General Discussion and Conclusions
References
Behavioral Consequences of Virus Infection
Introduction
A Viral Model of Hyperactivity
Ways in Which Viruses May Alter Behavior
References
Stress-Induced Changes in Immune Function in Animals: Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenal Influences
Introduction
Stress Effects on Lymphoid Cells
Stress Effects on in Vivo Immune Responses
Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenal Influences
Conclusion
References
Stress-Induced Immune Modulation in Animals: Opiates and Endogenous Opioid Peptides
Stress, Immunity, and Cancer
Stress-Induced Analgesia
Opiates, Opioid Peptides, Immunity, and Tumors
Summary
References
Psychoimmunology of Social Factors in Rodents and Other Subprimate Vertebrates
Introduction
Humoral Immunity and Social Factors
Cell-Mediated Immunity and Social Factors
Diseases, Resistance to Disease, and Social Factors
Social Factors in Tumor Growth and Survival
Concluding Comments
References
Behavior and the Major Histocompatibility Complex of the Mouse
Introduction
Methods
Technical Notes
Determination of Odortypes, the Olfactory Image
Reception of the Odortype
Behavior
Summary
References
Part IV Psychosocial Factors, Stress, Disease, and Immunity
Stress and Immune Function in Humans
Introduction
Major Stressful Life Changes
Depression and Chronic Stressors
Academic Stress
Intervention Studies
Social Relationships and Immune Function
Psychosocial Stressors, Immunity, and Health Consequences
References
Exercise and Human Immune Function
Introduction
Exercise Physiology
Exercise, Neuroendocrine Factors, and Psychological Function
Exercise and Immunity
Functional Significance of Immune Alterations
Conclusions and Implications for Further Studies
References
Depression and the Immune System
Introduction
Neuroimmunology
Psychosocial Influences on Immunocompetence and Health and Illness
The Nosology of Depression
Depressive Disorders and Immune Function
Immunocytes as Peripheral Models of Central Nervous System Alterations in Depression
Immunologic Influences on Central Nervous System Function in Depression
Conclusion
References
Immunosuppression by Marijuana and Components
Introduction
Background and Historical Observations
Blastogenic Responses of Lymphocytes from Marijuana Users
Administration of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol to Experimental Animals
Marijuana and Disease
Resistance to Infection
Effects of Marijuana and Components on Immune System Parameters
Conclusions and Summary
References
Social and Psychobiological Factors in Autoimmune Disease
The Concept of Autoimmunity
Autoimmune Diseases
Role of Genetic Factors in Autoimmune Disease
Role of Gender in Autoimmune Disease
Psychosocial Factors in Autoimmune Disease
Psychosocial Factors in Specific Autoimmune Diseases
Conclusion
References
Asthma: Psychoneuroimmunologic Considerations
Introduction
The Genetic Premise
Mechanisms of Bronchoconstriction
Strategy for Categorization of Subtypes of Asthma
Research Issues
References
Behavioral Sequelae of Autoimmune Disease
Introduction
Multiple Sclerosis—A Clinical Model of Cellular Autoimmunity and Behavioral Change
Lupus—A Clinical Model of Antibody-Mediated Behavioral Disturbance
Animal Models and Mechanisms
Concluding Remarks
References
Psychosocial Interventions and Immune Function
Introduction
Psychosocial Interventions and Immunity
Adverse Consequences of Psychosocial Interventions
Discussion
References
Psychoneuroimmunologic Aspects of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
Introduction
HIV Infection and the Central Nervous System: Neuroimmune Connections
Immunobiology of HIV Infection
Psychosocial Responses to the AIDS Epidemic
Potential Pathways for the Influence of Psychosocial Factors on Progression of HIV Infection
Psychoimmunologic Research on HIV, AIDS-Related Complex, and AIDS
Conclusion
References
Part V Epilogue
A Personal Perspective on Psychoneuroimmunology
Text
Index
Product details
- No. of pages: 688
- Language: English
- Copyright: © Academic Press 1981
- Published: January 1, 1981
- Imprint: Academic Press
- eBook ISBN: 9781483258904
About the Editor
Robert Ader
Affiliations and Expertise
University of Rochester, New York, U.S.A.