Protective Textiles from Natural Resources

Protective Textiles from Natural Resources provides systematic coverage of the fundamentals, production methods, processing techniques, characterization techniques, properties and applications of natural textile products for protective purposes.

The subject of this book is an important kind of technical textile designed to protect the wearer from injuries, illness and death. They offer enhanced protection against phenomena including heat, cold, flame, chemical, biological, nuclear agents, radiation, disaster and even ballistics. As no single type of clothing can be adequate for all kinds of protection, extensive research is carried out to develop protective clothing for specialized civilian and military applications. The latest research on the use of natural fibres in PPE is also covered, which could make a significant contribution to the fight against the spread of COVID-19. This comprehensive guide explores a wide variety of themes from material processing and design to finished products, through protection against specific hazards to specific applications, including all significant new developments on natural materials for protective textiles.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
The Textile Institute Book Series
Copyright
Dedication
List of contributors
About the editor
Preface
Part One. Protective textile materials
1. Introduction to protective textiles
1.1. Introduction
1.2. Protective textiles – an overview
1.3. Materials for the manufacture of protective textiles from natural resources
1.4. Manufacturing techniques of protective clothing from natural resources
1.5. Antibacterial, antiviral protective textiles
1.6. Protective masks manufactured from natural resources
1.7. Nuclear and radiological protective clothing
1.8. Spacesuits for protection and thermal comfort
1.9. Protective clothing for civilian and specialist industrial workers
1.10. Chemical protective clothing (CPC)
1.11. Fire/flame-retardant apparel
1.12. Ballistic protection
1.13. Conclusion
1.14. Future scope of protective textiles
2. Protective medical textiles for patients and health professionals
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Different types of protective medical textiles
2.3. Antimicrobial agents for personal protective equipment
2.4. Manufacturing process
2.5. Selection of nonwoven fabrics for medical protective clothing
2.6. Regulations and recommendations for personal protective equipment in the healthcare sector
2.7. Recent development
2.8. Reuse and recycling of protective medical textiles (biodegradability/disposable materials, cleaning, sterilizing, etc.)
2.9. Conclusion
2.10. Challenges and future perspectives
3. Nanomaterial-based smart and sustainable protective textiles
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Protective textiles
3.3. Nanomaterial-based protective textiles
3.4. Environmental implications
3.5. Conclusion
3.6. Challenges and future perspectives
4. Protective textiles from the past and for the modern age
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Natural fibres from the past: what we have lost and what we need to forget
4.3. Modern textiles
4.4. The case of waterproof materials
4.5. Eco-friendly textiles
4.6. Modern green treatments of textiles
4.7. Conclusion
4.8. Future perspectives
5. The concept of biomimetics in the development of protective textiles
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Principles of biomimetic protective textiles
5.3. Applications of biomimetic protective textiles
5.4. Development models of biomimetic protective textiles technology
5.5. Conclusion
5.6. Future outlook
6. The limitations of natural resources in the use of medical and protective textiles
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Natural resources of textiles
6.3. Medical and protective textiles
6.4. Antimicrobial textile nanocomposite
6.5. Antimicrobial mechanisms
6.6. Conclusions
6.7. Future research trends
Part Two. Microbial (viruses, bacteria and fungi) protective textiles
7. Microbial (viruses, bacteria and fungi) protective personal clothing
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Microorganisms: bacteria, viruses and fungi
7.3. Infectious, nosocomial diseases, pandemics and the need for microbial protective personal clothing
7.4. Infectious agents: bacteria and viruses, their nature and adhesion to textiles
7.5. Strategies used for personal protection against infectious agents
7.6. Antimicrobial and antiviral finishing techniques
7.7. Antimicrobial and antiviral personal protective clothing
7.8. Methods used to fix the natural antimicrobials to textiles, while maintaining breathability
7.9. Activity of biofunctionalized textiles against viruses and bacteria using antimicrobial agents from natural resources
7.10. Cytotoxicity of antimicrobial and antiviral agents used in textile finishing
7.11. Mechanism of antiviral and antimicrobial activity
7.12. Antiviral and antimicrobial test methods
7.13. Conclusion
7.14. Future scope/prospective
8. COVID-19 protective textiles for breathable face masks
8.1. Introduction
8.2. Information on COVID-19
8.3. Available COVID-19 protective commodities
8.4. The standard requirements of COVID-19 protective commodities
8.5. COVID-19 protective textiles for breathable face masks
8.6. The advantages of medical protective textiles obtained from natural resources (PTNR)
8.7. The crucial technology of PTNR for breathable face masks to prevent COVID-19 transmission
8.8. Conclusion
8.9. Information for new sources of further advice
9. Advances on virucidal textile coatings
9.1. Introduction
9.2. Pathogenic viruses and their mode of action
9.3. Virucidal agents and inactivation mechanisms
9.4. Methods for virucidal textile preparation
9.5. Virucidal textile application
9.6. Conclusions
9.7. Challenges and outlook
Part Three. Protection against different agencies and applications
10. High-performance thermal and cold protective clothing
10.1. Introduction
10.2. Thermal protective textiles
10.3. Cold protective textiles
10.4. Conclusion
11. Protective smart textiles for sportswear
11.1. Introduction
11.2. Smart textile materials for protection
11.3. Functions of smart textiles
11.4. Innovations in smart textiles
11.5. Smart textiles for sportswear
11.6. Smart textiles for human safety
11.7. Conclusions
11.8. Outlook and future trends
12. Waterproof breathable fabrics and suits
12.1. Introduction
12.2. Classifications of breathable fabrics
12.3. Densely woven fabrics
12.4. Microporous membranes and coatings
12.5. Electrospinning
12.6. Hydrophilic membranes
12.7. Hydrophobic membranes
12.8. Combination of microporous hydrophobic and hydrophilic membranes
12.9. Printing of retroreflective microbeads
12.10. Smart breathable fabrics based on shape memory polymers (SMPs)
12.11. Smart breathable fabrics based on phase change materials (PCMs)
12.12. Fabric based on biomimetics
12.13. Waterproof breathable suits
12.14. Characterization of waterproof breathable fabrics
12.15. Conclusion
13. Breathable and adaptive thermo-responsive personal protective clothing
13.1. Introduction
13.2. State of the art on breathable and adaptive thermo-sensitive PPC
13.3. Related technologies of breathable and adaptive thermo-sensitive PPC
13.4. Conclusions
13.5. Future outlook
14. Ultraviolet-blocking protective textiles
14.1. Introduction
14.2. Effects of UV on the human body
14.3. Various parameters for UV-protective textile fabrics
14.4. Various techniques for blocking UV using textiles
14.5. Impacts of different textile factors
14.6. Eco-friendly materials for the finishing of UV-protective textiles
14.7. Conclusions
14.8. Future trends and perspectives
15. Natural fibre-based protective textiles for noise reduction applications
15.1. Introduction
15.2. Natural fibrous materials
15.3. Theoretical foundation and measurements
15.4. Structural design of natural fibrous materials
15.5. Conclusion
15.6. Future perspective
16. Protective textiles from natural resources for electromagnetic shielding
16.1. Introduction
16.2. Electromagnetic shielding – theoretical basics
16.3. Measurement of the electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness
16.4. Materials with electromagnetic shielding properties
16.5. Conclusions
16.6. Future perspectives
17. Fibre-based wearable electronic technology for personal protective clothing
17.1. Introduction
17.2. Working environment and protective clothing
17.3. Material design and fabrication strategies
17.4. Wearable devices for personal protective clothing
17.5. Characterization of e-textiles
17.6. Advantages and disadvantages of natural renewable textiles
17.7. Conclusions
17.8. Future studies
18. Nuclear and radiological protective clothing
18.1. Introduction
18.2. Types and characteristics of ionizing radiation
18.3. Exposure to ionizing radiation
18.4. Conventional interactions of ionizing radiation with biological matter
18.5. Health effects of ionizing radiation
18.6. Occupational nuclear and radiological hazards
18.7. Protection from ionizing radiation
18.8. Protective clothing and other personal protective equipment against ionizing radiation
18.9. Recent developments of protective clothing against ionizing radiation
18.10. Some commercial products available in the market for protection against ionizing radiation
18.11. Electromagnetic nonionizing radiation
18.12. Protective clothing against electromagnetic nonionizing radiation
18.13. Conclusions
18.14. Future perspective
19. Spacesuits for protection and thermal comfort
19.1. Introduction
19.2. Basics of a spacesuit
19.3. Spacesuits garments as protective clothing
19.4. Thermal comfort
19.5. Thermoregulation and insulating mechanisms of a spacesuit
19.6. Physiological design of a spacesuit
19.7. Human thermoregulation model for a spacesuit
19.8. Conclusions
19.9. Future perspective
20. Protective clothing for firefighters and rescue workers
20.1. Introduction
20.2. Components of firefighters’ and rescue workers’ protective clothing
20.3. Factors affecting the selection of the fabric for fire protective clothing
20.4. Characterization technique to determine the thermal behaviour of fabric
20.5. Chemical modification to impart flame retardance/resistance to the fibre
20.6. Approaches to create firefighting clothing through natural resources
20.7. Related standard specifications
20.8. Conclusion
21. Chemical and biological protective textiles
21.1. Introduction
21.2. Contamination agents
21.3. Chemical protection fabrics
21.4. Biological protection fabrics
21.5. Application example case studies
21.6. Conclusions and future perspectives
22. Protective textiles in defence and ballistic protective clothing
22.1. Introduction
22.2. Classification of ballistic protection materials
22.3. Materials used for ballistic protection
22.4. Protective finishes
22.5. Threat and protection
22.6. Factors affecting ballistic protection performance
22.7. Performance evaluation methods
22.8. Computational modelling and simulation of ballistic performance
22.9. Conclusion
22.10. Challenges and future trends
23. Protective clothing for civilian and specialist industrial workers
23.1. Introduction
23.2. Fabrics from natural resources for protection
23.3. New technologies for protective clothes
23.4. Environmental and workplace conditions
23.5. Conclusions
23.6. Future trends
Part Four. Test and management of protective textiles
24. Processing techniques and test methods of protective textiles
24.1. Introduction
24.2. Processing of protective textiles
24.3. Specialized technique for protective textile manufacturing
24.4. Test methods for parameters in protective textiles
24.5. Conclusion
24.6. Future trends
25. Care, maintenance and disposability of medical and protective textile products
25.1. Introduction
25.2. Cleaning of textile materials
25.3. Cleaning of medical and protective clothing
25.4. Necessity of cleaning to protect fabrics and health
25.5. Care and maintenance of medical and protective textiles
25.6. Green cleaning approaches
25.7. Environmental impact and health hazards of cleaning agents
25.8. Standards for care and maintenance of medical and protective textiles
25.9. Storage of clothing and precautions
25.10. Problems encountered during storage
25.11. Disposability of medical and protective textiles products
25.12. Conclusions
25.13. Future perspectives and key challenges
26. Safety, health and environmental aspects of protective textiles
26.1. Introduction
26.2. Personal protective equipment (PPE)
26.3. Health, safety and environmental effects
26.4. Green chemistry in textiles
26.5. Standards of protective clothing
26.6. Conclusions
26.7. Future scope/perspective
Index

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Md. Ibrahim H. Mondal