Principles of Desalination
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Principles of Desalination focuses on the principles of the developing technology of large-scale desalting. This book presents the principal desalting methods and explores the process of hyperfiltration or reverse osmosis. Comprised of 11 chapters, this book starts with an overview of the water use and the problem of a potential water shortage. This text then discusses the fundamentals of the major desalting methods in use and explores the basic scientific and design principles that underlie the methods. Other chapters consider the method of vapor reheat distillation, which incorporates the liquid–liquid heat exchange principle. This book discusses as well the various aspects of ion exchange and explores the mechanisms in dual-purpose plants producing both distilled water and steam-turbine raised power. The final chapter considers the cost of conventional water supplies. This book is a valuable resource for technologists and scientists. Students in the graduate courses of engineering will also find this book useful.
Table of Contents
List of Contributors
Preface
Chapter 1. Desalination Research and Water Resources
I. The Water Problem
II. Nature of Water and Its Solutions
III. Current Technology of Desalination
References
Chapter 2. Thermoeconomic Considerations of Sea Water Demineralization
I. Introduction
II. Exergy Balances
III. Combining Exergy and Cost Balances
IV. Conclusions
Appendix A. Basic Relationships among Entropy, Exergy, Energy, and Availability
Appendix B. On the Use of the General Exergy Balance
Appendix C. Minimization of the Nonlinear Cost Equation
List of Symbols
References
Chapter 3. Distillation
I. General System Engineering of Distillation Plant
II. Internal System Engineering of Distillation Plant
List of Symbols
Units
Chapter 4. Vapor Reheat Distillation
I. Introduction
II. Structural Features of Flash Chambers and Condensers
III. Liquid-Liquid Heat Exchangers
IV. Economics of the Vapor Reheat Process
List of Symbols
References
Chapter 5. Solar Distillation
I. Introduction
II. Principles of Direct Solar Distillation
III. Design and Construction of Direct Solar Stills
IV. Performance of Direct Solar Stills
V. Economic Aspects of Direct Solar Distillation
VI. Indirect Solar Desalination
VII. Summary
List of Symbols
References
Chapter 6. Electrodialysis
I. Introduction
II. Membrane
III. Theory of Selective Transport across Ion Exchange Membranes
IV. Practical Considerations
V. Process and Equipment Design
VI. Development of Performance Equations
VII. Process Economics
List of Symbols
References
Chapter 7. Freezing Methods
I. Introduction
II. Theory of Crystallization
III. Theory of Separation and Wash
IV. Description of Basic Freezing Processes
V. Detailed Analysis and Description of Direct-Refrigeration Vacuum Freezing-Vapor Compression System
VI. Desalting with Hydrates
References
Chapter 8. Hyperfiltration (Reverse Osmosis)
I. Introduction
II. Historical Background
III. Conceptual Design
IV. Energy Requirements
V. Thermodynamic Relations
VI. Transport Relations and Mechanism of Salt Rejection
VII. Membranes
VIII. Concentration Polarization
IX. Equipment
X. Economic Considerations
List of Symbols
References
Chapter 9. Preparation of Ultrapure Water
I. Introduction
II. Impurities in Water Supplies
III. Ultrapure-Water-Treatment Processes
IV. Industries Requiring Ultrapure Water
V. Storage of Ultrapure Water — Materials of Construction
VI. Analytical and Control Tools
VII. Materials Used in Preparation of Ultrapure Water
VIII. Re-Use of Water and Waste Treatment
IX. Cost Calculation
X. Future Trends
References
Chapter 10. Scale Formation and Prevention
I. Significance of Scale
II. Solubility and Supersaturation
III. Nucleation and Contact Time
IV. Nucleation Sites
V. Scale-Prevention Techniques
References
Chapter 11. The Cost of Conventional Water Supply
I. Introduction
II. The Components of Conventional and Conversion Supplies
III. The Concept of Synthesized Costs
IV. Cost of Impoundment
V. Cost of Conveyance
VI. Cost of Treatment
VII. Cost of Intake
VIII. Illustrative Conventional-Supply Costs
List of Symbols
Bibliography
Author Index
Subject Index
Product details
- No. of pages: 582
- Language: English
- Copyright: © Academic Press 1966
- Published: January 1, 1966
- Imprint: Academic Press
- eBook ISBN: 9780323145251