Principles, Methods, and General Applications

Cntributors to Volume IPreface1. Introduction I. Regulatory Control II. The Residue Chemist III. The "Zero Tolerance" IV. Conclusions References 2. Principles of Formulation Analysis I. Introduction II. Philosophy of Formulation Analysis III. Sample Handling and Storage IV. Extraction and Separation Procedures V. Types of Analysis VI. Instrumentation VII. Records and Reports VIII. Future of Formulation Analysis References 3. Principles of Residue Analysis I. Field Experiment II. Pre-Analysis III. Analytical Measurement IV. Interpretations and Recommendations References 4. Principles of Food Additive Analysis I. Introduction II. General Considerations III. Analysis of Direct Food Additives IV. Analysis of Indirect Food Additives Appendix I. Food Additives for Which Tolerances Are Established or Proposed Appendix II. Summary of Polymer-Related F.D.A. Regulations Appendix III. Examples of Analyses of Indirect Food Additives References5. Extraction and Clean-Up Procedures I. Introduction II. Solvent Extraction III. Evaluation of Clean-Up Procedures IV. Universal Type of Clean-Up V. General Separation Procedures VI. Chromatography References 6. Principles of Toxicological Testing Methods I. Introduction II. General Principles in Toxicology III. Specific Methodology IV. Selection of Animals for Toxicological Studies V. Interpretation of Results VI. Future Trends in Toxicology References 7. The Pesticide Residue Laboratory I. The Problem II. The Pesticide Residue Laboratory III. Personnel8. Spectrophotometric Methods I. Ultraviolet and Visible II. Infrared III. Fluorescence References 9. Gas Chromatography I. Introduction II. Basic Principles III. Apparatus IV. Interpretation of Analytical Results V. Analytical Applications to Pesticide Problems VI. Conclusions References 10. Paper Chromatography I. Insecticides II. Fungicides III. Herbicides IV. Rodenticides References 11. Total Halide Analysis I. Combustion Techniques II. Schöniger Technique. Oxygen Flask Combustion Method III. Sodium Reduction IV. Total Bromide References 12. Neutron Activation Analysis I. Introduction II. Theory of Neutron Activation III. Neutron Activation Procedure IV. Sensitivities for Thermal-Neutron Activation V. Application of Neutron Activation Analysis VI. Instrumentation and Neutron Sources References 13. Isotope Methods I. Introduction II. Definition of Terms III. Establishing a Laboratory IV. Selection of Compounds V. Instrumentation VI. Preparation of Samples VII. Counting of Samples VIII. Reporting Radioactive Data IX. Special Techniques Glossary References14. Enzymatic Methods I. Introduction II. Kinetics of Cholinesterase Activity III. Kinetics of Cholinesterase Inhibition IV. Action of Cholinesterases V. Methods of Measuring Cholinesterase Activity VI. Activation of Cholinesterase Inhibitors VII. Application of Cholinesterase Inhibition to Residue Analysis VIII. Conclusions References 15. Bioassay-Insects I. Introduction II. Principle of Bioassay III. Test Insects and Sensitivity IV. Factors Affecting Bioassay V. Qualitative and Semiquantitative Bioassay VI. Macrobioassay VII. Microbioassay VIII. Specific Bioassay IX. Integration between Bioassay and Physicochemical Analysis X. Application and Operation XI. Summary and Discussion References 16. Bioassay of Microbial Pesticides I. Introduction II. Microbial Pesticide Products and Federal Regulation III. Quantitative Analytical Methods for Spore or Particle Determination IV. Insect Bioassay of Microbial Pesticides References 17. Bioassay-Plants I. Introduction II. Extraction of Regulating Substances from Plants and Preparation of Extracts for Bioassay III. Responses to Growth-Regulating Substances, Principles Involved, and Suitability of These Responses for Bioassay IV. Identification of Regulating Substances with Plant Assays V. Conclusions References18. Screening Methods I. The Selection of Methods II. A Screening System for Insecticides Containing Chlorine and Those That Inhibit Cholinesterase References 19. Statistical Evaluation of Results and Sampling Procedures I. Introduction II. Frequency Curves III. Analysis of Variance IV. Linear Regression V. Sampling VI. Concluding Remarks References Appendix 20. Residue Analysis in the Food Industry I. Introduction II. Prevention of Over-Tolerance Residues III. Formulation of Sprays and Dusts IV. Analysis of Food Crops V. Pesticide Laboratory for the Food Industry VI. Degradation of Pesticides VII. General Methods of Analysis VIII. Validity of Results IX. Summary References21. Residue Analysis in the Dairy Industry I. The Place of Pesticides in Agriculture II. Nature and Effects of Pesticides III. Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Fat in Milk IV. Methods Available for Pesticide Analysis in Dairy Products V. Interpretation of Analytical Results VI. Control of the Pesticide Problem References 22. Methods for Pesticide Analysis in Meat Products I. Sources of Residues in Meats II. Residue Analysis in Meat and Meat Products—Problems Encountered III. Screening Methods References 23. Formulation and Residue Analysis in Government Laboratories I. Introduction II. Formulation Analysis III. Residue Analyses Author Index Subject Index