Principles and Technologies for Electromagnetic Energy Based Therapies

1st Edition - December 2, 2021
Editors: Punit Prakash, Govindarajan Srimathveeravalli
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 2 0 5 9 4 - 5
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 2 0 6 1 1 - 9

Principles and Technologies for Electromagnetic Energy Based Therapies covers the theoretical foundations of electromagnetic-energy based therapies, principles for design of practi… Read more

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Principles and Technologies for Electromagnetic Energy Based Therapies covers the theoretical foundations of electromagnetic-energy based therapies, principles for design of practical devices and systems, techniques for in vitro and in vivo testing of devices, and clinical application examples of contemporary therapies employing non-ionizing electromagnetic energy. The book provides in-depth coverage of: pulsed electric fields, radiofrequency heating systems, tumor treating fields, and microwave heating technology. Devices and systems for electrical stimulation of neural and cardiac issue are covered as well. Lastly, the book describes and discusses issues that are relevant to engineers who develop and translate these technologies to clinical applications.

Readers can access information on incorporation of preclinical testing, clinical studies and IP protection in this book, along with in-depth technical background for engineers on electromagnetic phenomena within the human body and selected therapies. It covers both engineering and biological/medical materials and gives a full perspective on electromagnetics therapies. Unique features include content on tumor treating fields and the development and translation of biomedical devices.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
List of contributors
Preface
1. Mathematical modeling of heat transfer in biological tissues (bioheat transfer)
1.1. Introduction
1.2. Mathematical models of bioheat transfer
1.3. Thermal tissue properties
1.4. Arrhenius model
1.5. Experimental studies
1.6. Example of a bioheat transfer model
2. Review of computational methods for therapeutic electromagnetic technologies
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Mathematical preliminaries
2.3. Numerical techniques
3. Pulsed electric fields
3.1. Background and history of electroporation
3.2. Biological basis of electroporation
3.3. Generator design
3.4. Electrode design
3.5. Models and monitoring of EP
3.6. Medical applications of EP and related technologies
3.7. Summary
4. Radiofrequency ablation
4.1. Fundamental principles
4.2. Instrumentation and system design
4.3. Preclinical evaluation
4.4. Clinical applications
4.5. Conclusions
5. Microwave ablation: physical principles and technology
5.1. Components of a microwave ablation system
5.2. Biophysics of MWA
5.3. MWA applicator design
5.4. Power delivery considerations
5.5. Experimental assessment of ablation applicators
5.6. Summary
6. Treating solid tumors using tumor treating fields: an overview of the theory and practices
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Section 1. Theory of TTFields
6.3. Section 2. What TTFields does within the cell—experimental evidence
6.4. Overview of cell cycle
6.5. Stages of the cell cycle
6.6. Effect of TTFields on cellular division
6.7. Mechanism of action of TTFields
6.8. TTFields effect is frequency, intensity, and time-dependent
6.9. The effect of TTFields is directional
6.10. Mechanism of action: what do TTFields actually do to cells?
6.11. Other effects of TTFields on cells
6.12. Modeling the effect of TTFields on cells
6.13. Some basic considerations when analyzing the effect of TTFields on subcellular structures
6.14. Power deposited by TTFields in a cell
6.15. Dipole alignment and dielectrophoresis effects of TTFields
6.16. Dipole alignment
6.17. Dielectrophoresis
6.18. Other theories on how TTFields may influence cell proliferation
6.19. Section 3. Clinical applications of TTFields
6.20. A brief overview of the use of TTFields in the clinic
6.21. Section 4. TTFields distribution in the body
6.22. Numerically simulating delivery of TTFields
6.23. Numerical simulations of TTFields distribution in the body
6.24. The stages in creating the simulations
6.25. Model creation
6.26. Imaging data
6.27. Modeling brain tumors
6.28. Assigning electric properties to tissues and tumors
6.29. Deriving electric properties from images
6.30. Setting boundary conditions and solving the model
6.31. The equation
6.32. The solver
6.33. Boundary conditions
6.34. Section 5. TTFields dosimetry
6.35. Section 6. Summary—TTFields dosimetry and treat planning
7. Neural stimulation technologies
7.1. Introduction to neural stimulation
7.2. A noninvasive approach
7.3. Invasive approaches
7.4. Neurostimulation in cerebral palsy as a case study
8. Electric field and wound healing
8.1. Introduction: electrotherapy as a promising solution to the problem of nonhealing chronic ulcers
8.2. Wound healing process requires cross-talk between multiple cell types: an overview
8.3. Physiological EF generation in wounds
8.4. Electric field and cell migration: an overriding guidance cues and the effects of EF on cell signaling mechanisms
8.5. Different EF modalities for wound healing therapy
8.6. Future prospective for EF therapies for chronic ulcers
9. Radiofrequency and microwave hyperthermia in cancer treatment
9.1. Introduction
9.2. Hyperthermia physics
9.3. Electromagnetic-based heating systems
9.4. Thermal dosimetry
9.5. Treatment planning
9.6. Treatment guidance
9.7. Hyperthermia clinical studies
9.8. Future outlook
10. History and development of microwave thermal therapy
10.1. Introduction and background
10.2. Hyperthermia to ablation [three phases: EARLY (hyperthermia), CURRENT (ablation), FUTURE (ablation)]
10.3. Summary
11. Nano-pulse stimulation, a nonthermal energy modality for targeting cells
11.1. Nano-pulse stimulation of cells
11.2. Nanoporation targets both the plasma membrane and organelle membranes
11.3. Practical applications of nano-pulse stimulation
11.4. NPS effects on skin
11.5. Development and translation
12. FDA regulation of energy-based therapy devices
12.1. FDA premarket regulatory framework
12.2. General controls
12.3. 510(k) premarket notification
12.4. PMA pathway
12.5. Case studies
12.6. 510(k) example
12.7. De novo example
12.8. PMA example
12.9. Conclusion
13. Clinical trials with electromagnetic ablation technologies
13.1. Introduction
13.2. Ethical considerations
13.3. Human studies
13.4. Conclusion
Index

Punit Prakash

Dr. Prakash is Associate Professor and holder of the Paul L. Spainhour Professorship in Electrical Engineering at Kansas State University. He received a Bachelor of Science in Electrical and Computer Engineering from Worcester Polytechnic Institute in May 2004, and a PhD in biomedical engineering from the University of WisconsinMadison in 2008. He completed postdoctoral training in hyperthermia physics at the University of California, San Francisco. Since 2012, he has been with the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Kansas State University, where he is also an affiliate of the Johnson Center for Cancer Research. Dr. Prakash’s research is focused on developing technologies for enabling precise image-guided medical interventions. Current research thrusts include: (i) development of minimally-invasive microwave/radiofrequency devices with spatial control of energy delivery for thermal tissue ablation; (ii) multiphysics and multiscale computational modeling for analysis of thermal therapies; and (iii) integration of medical instrumentation with high-field MRI for characterization of therapeutic interventions in small-animal experimental models. His research is currently supported by grants from the National Institutes for Health (NIH), National Science Foundation (NSF), and the medical device industry.

Affiliations and expertise

Associate Professor, Kansas State University, Manhattan, USA

Govindarajan Srimathveeravalli

Dr. Srimathveeravalli joined University of Massachusetts at Amherst in Spring 2019 after serving as a faculty in the Dept. of Radiology at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center for six years. His lab develops medical devices and technology to advance minimally invasive, image-guided therapy of cancer, and non-malignant diseases. His lab studies the interaction between non-ionizing energy and tissue biology, with emphasis on the differential response of various components of the tumor microenvironment to energy delivery. He uses computer based simulation models and mathematical models to optimize energy parameters and to guide applicator design for energy delivery in vitro and in vivo. His lab seeks to identify and understand signaling pathways evoked due to energy delivery and tests adjuvants to improve treatment outcomes. Findings from his lab has applications in tumor ablation, cancer immunotherapy, drug delivery and tissue engineering, with near-term translational potential. Dr. Srimathveeravalli got his PhD in mechanical engineering from the University at Buffalo and received postdoctoral training on cancer research and image-guided therapy at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. His lab is supported by grants from the NIH, the Society of Interventional Radiology, Dept of Defense, industrial contracts, and various philanthropic foundations.

Affiliations and expertise

University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, USA.