Practical Cardiology

Principles and Approaches

2nd Edition - February 16, 2021
Editors: Majid Maleki, Azin Alizadehasl, Majid Haghjoo
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 8 0 9 1 5 - 3
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 8 0 9 1 6 - 0

From basic clinical facts to new advanced guidelines, Practical Cardiology: Principles and Approaches covers all aspects of cardiology in one quick and current resource. Packed… Read more

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From basic clinical facts to new advanced guidelines, Practical Cardiology: Principles and Approaches covers all aspects of cardiology in one quick and current resource. Packed with useful tips and step-by-step guidance, this updated second edition reviews new drugs, new invasive and noninvasive therapeutic approaches, and new developments in cardiology foundations, imaging modalities, management approaches, and specific interventions for all common cardiovascular disease modalities in all patient care settings.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Contributors
Preface
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1: Evidence-Based Cardiology Practice
Abstract
Key Points
Introduction
Evidence-Based Medicine Resources
Clinical Practice Guidelines
Evidence Is Not Enough
Chapter 2: Evaluation of Patient With Cardiovascular Problem
Abstract
History
Physical Examination
Differential Diagnosis of Murmurs by Maneuvers
Chapter 3: Electrocardiography
Abstract
Key Points
Introduction
Normal Electrocardiograms
Abnormal Electrocardiograms
Chapter 4: Exercise Stress Testing
Abstract
Key Points
Indications for EST
Contraindications3
Exercise Stress Test Protocols
Evaluation of Functional Capacity
Heart Rate Response
Blood Pressure Response
Electrocardiogram Changes
Arrhythmias
Recovery
Indications for Termination of Exercise Stress Testing3
Chapter 5: Echocardiography
Abstract
Key Points
Transthoracic Study
Doppler Echocardiography
Myocardial Tissue Doppler Imaging
Transesophageal Echocardiography
Contrast Echocardiography
Stress Echocardiography
Study of Myocardial Viability
Three-Dimensional Echocardiography
Two-Dimensional (Speckled) Strain Echocardiography
Study of the Cardiac Chambers
Study of Valvular Heart Disease
Chapter 6: Chest Radiography in Cardiovascular Disease
Abstract
Key Points
Normal Chest Radiographs
The Chest Radiograph in Heart Disease
Mitral Valve Disease
Aortic Valve Disease
Aortic Regurgitation
Pulmonary Stenosis
Pulmonary Regurgitation
Tricuspid Valve Disease
Congenital Heart Disease
Chapter 7: Cardiac Computed Tomography
Abstract
Key Points
MDCT Terminology
Scan Modes
Radiation Exposure
Patient Preparation
Cardiac Computed Tomography Anatomy11–13
Calcium Scoring
Coronary Computed Tomographic Angiography
Assessment of Cardiovascular Structure and Function
Chapter 8: Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Abstract
Key Points
Basic Physics, Technical Considerations, and Imaging Tools
Hardware and Technical Requirements
Clinical Applications
Patient Selection and Preparation
Specific Indications and Magnetic Resonance Techniques
Chapter 9: Nuclear Cardiology
Abstract
Key Points
Introduction
Radiopharmaceuticals
Detection of Coronary Artery Disease and Stress Tests
Electrocardiography-Gated SPECT
Image Interpretation
Semiquantitative Visual Analysis
Normal Variations, Artifacts, and Pitfalls
Assessment of Viability
Radionuclide Angiography
Positron Emission Tomography
Radionuclide Imaging of Cardiac Amyloidosis
Chapter 10: Catheterization and Angiography
Abstract
Key Points
Introduction
Radiation Safety
Precatheterization Preparations1
Access
Sheaths and Catheters
Guidewires
Left Heart Catheterization
Right Heart Catheterization
Coronary Angiography Indications
Coronary Catheter Manipulation
Coronary Anatomy
Angiographic Projections
Coronary Findings and Interpretation
Coronary Anomalies and Variations
Catheterization Complications
Chapter 11: Hemodynamic Study
Abstract
Introduction
Pressure Measurement
Oximetry Measurements
Temperature Measurements
Cardiac Performance
Clinical Implications of Right Heart Catheterization
Intra-aortic Balloon Pump17
Chapter 12: Heart Failure and Pulmonary Hypertension
Abstract
Heart Failure Definition
Diagnostic Workup for Heart Failure
Acute Heart Failure
Therapeutic Approach to Chronic Heart Failure1–5,12,15,17,22
Pulmonary hypertension34–46
Chapter 13: Tachyarrhythmias
Abstract
Key Points
Introduction
Clinical Presentation
Chapter 14: Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices
Abstract
Key Points
Introduction
NBG Codes for Pacemakers
NBD Codes for Defibrillators
Classification of Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices
Components of Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices
Pacing Modes
Timing Cycle of Pacing
Programming Considerations for Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators
Optimizing Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy by Device Programming
Troubleshooting
Chapter 15: Bradyarrhythmias
Abstract
Key Points
Introduction
Clinical Presentation
Sinus Node Dysfunction
Atrioventricular Block
Chapter 16: Electrophysiology Tracing Interpretation
Abstract
Key Points
Introduction
What Is Electrophysiology (EP) Procedure?
EP Catheter Implantation
Electrophysiology Tracing Structure
Signal Recording and Sequences in Normal Heart
Pacing Maneuvers in an Electrophysiology Study
Overdrive Pacing Effect on Conduction System
Programmed Electrical Stimulation maneuver
Role of EPS in Bradyarrhythmia detection
How to Interpret Tachyarrhythmia Tracing?
Usual Arrhythmia Characteristics
Chapter 17: Mechanisms, Diagnosis, and Therapy of Cardiac Arrhythmia
Abstract
Key Points
Introduction
Mechanisms of Cardiac Arrhythmias
History and Physical Exam
Antiarrhythmic Drugs
Nonpharmacological Treatment of Cardiac Arrhythmia
Chapter 18: Hypotension and Syncope
Abstract
Key Points
Definition
Prevalence
Classification of Syncope
Diagnosis
1: Clinical Presentation and Treatment of Common Causes of Syncope
Driving Restrictions
Chapter 19: Preventive Cardiology
Abstract
Assessment of Cardiovascular Risk
Hypertension
Dyslipidemia (Table 19.6)
Smoking
Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome
Metabolic Syndrome (Syndrome X)
Obesity
Diet and Supplements
Alcohol Consumption
Vitamin D
Coenzyme Q10
Inflammatory Markers
Cardiac Rehabilitation
Chapter 20: Hypertension
Abstract
Key Points
Introduction
Mechanisms of Hypertension
Diagnosis of Hypertension
Hypertension Management
Resistant Hypertension
Hypertension in Pregnancy
Perioperative Hypertension Management
Therapeutic Goals in Hypertension
Acute Blood Pressure Elevations
Chapter 21: Dyslipidemia
Abstract
Key Points
Introduction
Biochemistry and Metabolism of Lipids
Lipoprotein Disorders
Impact of Lipoprotein Disorders on Cardiovascular Risk
Management of Lipoprotein Disorders
Treatment Goals in Lipoprotein Disorders
Chapter 22: ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction
Abstract
Key Points
Definition
Clinical Evaluation
Complications of ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction
Chapter 23: Non-ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes
Abstract
Key Points
Introduction
Pathophysiology
Initial Assessment
Risk Stratification
Management
Anti-ischemic Drugs
Antiplatelet Therapy
Anticoagulant Therapy
Lipid-Lowering Agents
Early Invasive vs Conservative Strategies
Long-Term Management
Management of NSTE-ACS in Special Subgroups
Prinzmetal Variant Angina
Chapter 24: Stable Ischemic Heart Disease
Abstract
Key Points
Introduction
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Physical Examination
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Special Groups
Follow-up of Patients With Stable Ischemic Heart Disease
Chapter 25: Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
Abstract
Plain Old Balloon Angioplasty
Bare Metal Stents
Drug-Eluting Stents
Stent Thrombosis
Chronic Stable Angina
Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Left Main Coronary Artery Lesions
Multivessel Disease
Patients With Diabetes Mellitus
Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Acute Coronary Syndrome
Intravascular Ultrasonography
Fractional Flow Reserve
Rotablator (Rotational Atherectomy)
Postintervention Care
Chapter 26: Transcatheter Therapies for Structural Heart Diseases
Abstract
Key Points
Intervention in Structural Heart Disorders
Occlusion of Cardiac Defects
Mitral Valve Interventions
Aorta and Aortic Valve Interventions
Pulmonary Valve Intervention
Chapter 27: Aortic Disorders and Their Management
Abstract
Key Points
Aortic Diseases
Pathology and Pathophysiology of Aortic Aneurysms
Management (Fig. 27.8)
Acute Aortic Syndromes
Chapter 28: Peripheral Artery Disease
Abstract
Key Points
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Chapter 29: Cardiomyopathies and Myocarditis
Abstract
Background
Dilated Cardiomyopathy1–12
Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy14–17
Restrictive Cardiomyopathy1,18–34
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy44–47
Chapter 30: Valvular Heart Disease
Abstract
Aortic Valve
Myocardial Ischemia
Mitral Valve Disease
Mitral Regurgitation
Mitral Valve Prolapse
Tricuspid Valve Disease
Pulmonary Valve Stenosis
Pulmonic Regurgitation
Percutaneous Valve Replacement
Conclusions
Chapter 31: Infective Endocarditis
Abstract
Epidemiology
Microbiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Chapter 32: Pericardial Disease
Abstract
Normal Pericardium, Anatomy, and Function
Causes, Epidemiology, and Pathophysiology of Acute Pericarditis
Pericardial Effusion
Tamponade
Constrictive Pericarditis
Effusive–Constrictive Pericarditis
Specific Causes of Pericardial Disease
Conclusion
Chapter 33: Congenital Heart Disease
Abstract
Key Points
Basic Nomenclature and Segmental Approach to Congenital Heart Disease
Clinical Issues in Congenital Heart Disease
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension and Eisenmenger Syndrome
Heart Failure
Specific Congenital Cardiac Defects
Chapter 34: Venous Thromboembolism
Abstract
Key Points
Introduction
Epidemiology
Clinical Risk Factors
Pathophysiology of VTE
Approach to Patients With Acute DVT
Additional Test for Patients With Established VTE
Clinical Course
Treatment
Special Therapeutic Consideration for Patients With VTE
Prevention
Chapter 35: Genetics of Cardiovascular Disease and Applications of Genetic Testing
Abstract
Key Points
Introduction
Genetic Testing and Variant Interpretation
Monogenic Forms of Congenital Heart Defects
Inherited Cardiomyopathies
Left Ventricular Noncompaction Cardiomyopathy
Cardiac Electrophysiology
Pharmacogenomics and Polymorphisms
Future Perspectives
Chapter 36: Renal Disorders and Cardiovascular Disease
Abstract
Key Points
Homeostasis1–22
Classifications and Definitions3–5
Diagnosis
Respiratory Acidosis3–5
Respiratory Alkalosis3–5
Metabolic Acidosis1–22
Metabolic Alkalosis1–22
Cardiorenal Syndrome
Chapter 37: Endocrine Disorders and the Cardiovascular System
Abstract
Key Points
Growth Hormone
Adult GH Deficiency
Acromegaly
Thyroid and Cardiovascular System
Hypothyroidism
Thyroid and Amiodarone
Treatment
Endocrine Hypertension
Cushing Syndrome
Vitamin D and Cardiovascular System
Chapter 38: The Heart and Pulmonary Diseases
Abstract
Key Points
Introduction
Heart Dysfunction Caused by Chronic Respiratory Disease
Pathophysiology
Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis
Treatment
Systemic Diseases With Concomitant Lung and Heart Involvement
Chapter 39: Cardiovascular Drugs and Hemostasis
Abstract
Key Points
Contrast Media
Introduction
Strategy for Preventing Radiocontrast-Induced Nephropathy
Hypersensitivity Reactions to Radiographic Contrast Media
Premedication Regimen in Immediate Hypersensitivity Reaction
Antiplatelet Therapy in Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
Introduction
Aspirin Therapy
Thienopyridine Therapy
Ticlopidine
Limitations of Use
Clopidogrel
Prasugrel
Anticoagulant Therapy
Introduction
Anticoagulant Therapy: Classification
Parenteral
Oral
Pregnancy and Venous Thromboembolism
Anticoagulant Therapy to Prevent Embolization in Atrial Fibrillation
Anticoagulation Therapy in Atrial Fibrillation
Unfractionated Heparin in Atrial Fibrillation
Anticoagulation Before Cardioversion for Atrial Fibrillation Treatment
Hemostasis Management of Cardiac Surgical Hemorrhage
Introduction
Fibrinogen
Fresh-Frozen Plasma
Prothrombin Complex Concentrates
Platelets
Antifibrinolytic Drugs
Activated Prothrombin Complex Concentrate
Topical Sealants
Fibrin, Albumin, and Synthetic Sealants
Chapter 40: COVID-19 Infection: A Novel Fatal Pandemic of the World in 2020
Abstract
Epidemiology
Signs and Symptoms
Treatment
COVID-19 and Cardiovascular Disease
Chapter 41: Cardiovascular Disease in the COVID-19 Era: Myocardial Injury and Thrombosis
Abstract
Key Points
Introduction
Diagnostic Approach to Patients With Acute Cardiac Injury
Complications of Cardiac Injury in COVID-19
Thrombosis in the COVID-19 Outbreak
Chapter 42: Cardio-Oncology
Abstract
Introduction
Screening Before Anticancer Therapy
Primary Prevention Therapy
Surveillance Strategies During Cancer Treatment
Patients With a History of Mediastinal Chest Radiation
Conclusion
Chapter 43: Anesthesia and Sedation in Cardiac Patients
Abstract
Key Points
Introduction
Preoperative Anesthetic Assessment of Patients for Cardiac Surgery
Risk Assessment of Patients for Cardiac Surgery
Principles of Cardiac Anesthesia
Cardiac Anesthesia Drugs and Techniques
Noncardiac Surgery in Cardiac Patients
Sedation and Analgesia for Cardiovascular Procedures
Drugs Used for Procedural Sedation
Monitoring During Procedural Sedation
Sedation and Respiratory Care in Critically Ill Cardiac Care Unit Patients
Chapter 44: Principles of Cardiovascular Surgery
Abstract
Key Points
Extracorporeal Circulation
Deep Hypothermia and Circulatory Arrest
Myocardial Protection
Postoperative Care
Insufficient Preload
Cardiac Causes
Increased Ventricular Afterload
Approach to a Low-Output State
Anticoagulation
Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia
Coronary Artery Bypass Graft
Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Graft
Minimally Invasive Cardiac Surgery
Cardiac Surgery and COVID-19
Index

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Majid Maleki

Azin Alizadehasl

Majid Haghjoo