Positive Social Behavior and Morality
Social and Personal Influences
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Positive Social Behavior and Morality: Social and Personal Influences, Volume I presents the broad range of influences that encourage or inhibit people to behave positively towards others and how varied forms of positive behavior are determined. The book examines the various aspects of positive social behavior. It starts by providing the definition, significance, and relationship of positive or prosocial behavior to morality. Topics on why people behave prosocially; the determinants of people helping other people in physical distress; effects of harm doing on prosocial behavior; the limitations of current methods; the goals for future study in the field of prosocial behavior; and a theoretical model for predicting prosocial behavior are presented as well. Psychologists, sociologists, researchers, and students in the field of sociology and psychology will find this book interesting.
Table of Contents
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1 Positive Behavior, Morality, and Human Nature
Prosocial Behavior: Definition, Significance, and Relationship to Morality
Prosocial Acts and Altruistic Motives
Morality and Human Nature
Sources of Morality
Genetic Origins of Altruism
Social Evolution in Contrast to Biological Evolution
Prosocial Behavior in Animals
Chapter 2 Personality, the Situation, and the Determination of Prosocial Behavior
Why People Behave Prosocially
Self-Gain
Personal Values and Norms
Empathy and Identification with Other People
A Theoretical Model for Predicting Prosocial Behavior
Personal Goals and the Activating Potential of Situations
Goal Conflict and Conflict Resolution
The Measurement of Goals and Activating Potentials
Other Personality Influences on Goal Activation and Behavior
Perceptual Tendencies
Competence
A Person's State of Well-Being and the Connection between the Self and Others
Justification Processes
Supporting Research
Classes of Influences on Prosocial Behavior
Chapter 3 Determinants of People Helping Other People in Physical Distress
The Early Research of Latané and Darley
The Influence of Others
Defining the Situation, Defining the Appropriate Response, and Communicating Expectations about Appropriate Behavior
Diffusion of Responsibility and Normative Explanations of Helping Behavior
Stimulus Characteristics That Affect Helping
Variation in Ambiguity
The Degree of Need, the Cost of Helping, and the Opportunity to Escape
Spontaneous (or Impulsive) Helping
Temporary States of the Actor, Stimulus Overload, Urban-Rural Helping, and Personality
Summary of Situational Influences
Personality and Helping Others in Physical Need
Moral Reasoning and Helping Behavior
The Influence of Combinations of Personal Characteristics and of Situations
Personality and the Influence of the Number of Bystanders on Helping
The Personalities of Helpful Individuals
Chapter 4 Observing and Causing Harm to Others: Affective, Cognitive, and Behavioral Consequences
Empathy and Prosocial Behavior
Physiological Arousal in Response to Another's Suffering
The Reinforcing Effect of Reducing Another's Pain or Distress
Perceptual-Cognitive Set, Empathy, and Helping
Individual Differences That Affect Empathic Reactions
Demonstrating the Influence of Empathy on Prosocial Behavior
Empathy-Related Issues
Just World, Devaluation, and Aggression
Research on the Just-World Hypothesis
Conditions Affecting Devaluation
Devaluation and Helping Others
Harmdoing Trangression, and Their Consequences
Questions and Problems; Research and Theoretical Issues
Proposed Explanations of the Effects of Harmdoing
Comparing the Effects of Observing and of Causing Harm
Alternative Explanations
Conclusions, Issues, and Limitations of Research
Can Violence Be Constructive?
Chapter 5 Prosocial Behavior in Response to Varied Needs
Social Influence
The Effects of Exposure to Others' Deeds and Words
Research on Modeling and Verbal Communications by Models
Attributions about Models' Motives as a Determinant of Imitation
Verbal Communications That Specify Behavioral Rules
The Effects of Vicarious Reinforcement
Summary of Modeling and Verbalization Influences
Reactance and Prosocial Behavior
Verbal Requests, Reactions to Helping, Self-Attribution, and Later Positive Behavior
Changes in Self-Perception and Positive Behavior
Additional Studies of Reactions to Help Giving and Positive Behavior
Stimulus Influence
Degree of Dependence and Need
Sex Differences in Reactions to Dependence
Internal versus External Sources of Dependence
Additional Studies on How the Degree of Need and the Degree of Cost Influence Helping
The Meaning and Validity of Research
Decision Making, Personal Norms, and Helping Behavior
Schwartz's Decisional Model
Specific Norms versus General Orientations
An Additional Decision-Making Model
Individual Characteristics and Helping Behavior
Sex Differences and Helping Behavior
Morally Relevant Characteristics and Positive Behavior
The Capacity for Control, Competence, Social Desirability, and Other Nonmoral Characteristics
Issues for Future Research
Chapter 6 Orientation to the Self and Others: The Effects of Positive and Negative Experiences, Thoughts, and Feelings
The Effects of Success and Failure, Moods, and Self-Concern on Positive Behavior
Competence
Success and Failure
The Effects of Positive Experiences
The Psychological Consequences That Mediate the Effects of Positive and Negative Experiences and States
Preoccupation with the Self and Self-Concern
Sense of Potency
Benevolence to the Self and to Others: Strengthened or Weakened Bonds
Sense of Well-Being and Hedonic Balancing
Individual Differences in Sense of Well-Being, Characteristic Moods, and Levels of Self-Esteem
Self-Esteem and Prosocial Action in Everyday Interactions
Chapter 7 The Connection between Self and Others: Similarity, Attraction, and Common Group Membership
Conditions That Affect the Bond between the Self and Others
Similarity in Attitudes, Opinions, and Personalities
Prior Experience with Another Person
Common Group Membership: Race, Sex, Nationality, and Other Criteria
Shared Humanity and Orientation toward Other Human Beings
Personality and the Bond between Self and Others
Variations in the Bond between the Self and Others
Chapter 8 Exchange and Reciprocity in Positive and Negative Behavior
The Nature of Social Exchange
Reciprocity and Equity in Social Exchange
Beliefs about and Preferences for Reciprocity
Indebtedness, Help Seeking, and Reactions to Receiving Help
Reciprocity in Behavior
Generalized Reciprocity
Perceived Intent of a Benefactor (or Harmdoer) and Its Effect on Reciprocity
Conditions That Affect the Attribution of Prosocial Intention
Personality Differences in Making Attributions and in Reciprocity
Reciprocity between Friends and Transactions in Prosocial Behavior
Reciprocity in Everyday Life
Trust in Other People
Chapter 9 Cooperation and Intimate Relationships: Further Explorations in Human Transactions
Determinants of Cooperation
Inducing Cooperation and Its Consequences
The Development and Maintenance of Intimate Relationships
Relationships: Their Formation and Nature
Self-Disclosure
Principles of Interaction in Extended Relationships
A Model of Interpersonal Relationships
Chapter 10 Summary and Conclusions: The Determinants of Positive Behavior
Limitations of Our Knowledge: Future Goals
How Does Positive Behavior (Or Its Absence) Come About?
Moving from Perception to Action
The Influence of Cultures
References
Subject Index
Product details
- No. of pages: 506
- Language: English
- Copyright: © Academic Press 1978
- Published: January 28, 1978
- Imprint: Academic Press
- eBook ISBN: 9781483267012
About the Author
Ervin Staub
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