Pollution and the Biological Resources of the Oceans

ContentsIntroduction1 Principal Trends and Objectives in Ecological Investigations of Pollution of The World Ocean General Situation Biogeochemical Investigations Marine Ecotoxicology Biological Principles of Pollution Control Conclusions 2 General Pollution Patterns of Ecological Zones in The World OceanFeatures and Tendencies of The Radio-Ecological Situation of the Marine EnvironmentSources and Levels of Chemical Pollution Ecological Characteristics of The Global Pollution Zone of the Marine EnvironmentConclusions 3 Biogeochemical Features of Behavior and Migration of Pollutants in Marine Ecosystems Forms of Occurrence of Toxicants in Sea Water 33 Principal Biogeochemical Features of Toxicants in Seas and Oceans Conclusions 4 Accumulation of Pollutants in Commercial Marine Products Introduction Radioactive Pollution of Commercial Fishes Heavy Metals in Commercial Fishes Chlorinated Hydrocarbons in Commercial Organisms Conclusions 5 Experimental Methods, Organisms and Tests in Ecotoxicological Investigations General Description of Methods and Test Organisms Zones, Effects and Criteria of Evaluation of Toxic Effects Quantitative Estimation of Toxic Effects Ecotoxicological Methods and Tests For Investigating Unicellular Marine Algae and Their Production Test Organisms and Methods of Toxicological Investigations On Important Species of Marine Fauna Conclusions 6 Effect of Pollutants On Cultured Unicellular Marine Algae Effect of Dissolved Petroleum Products Effect of Organochlorine Toxicants Effect of Detergents and Petroleum Emulsifiers Effect of Heavy Metals and Transition Metals Combined Effect of Several Factors Conclusions7 Ecotoxicological Investigations of Primary Production and of Natural Communities of Marine Phytoplankton Effect of Chemical Toxicants On Primary Production in the Baltic Sea Effect of Chemical Toxicants On Phytoplankton and Primary Production in The Caspian Sea Ecotoxicological Investigations of Phytoplankton in the Mediterranean Sea and in The Red Sea Conclusions 8 Biological Evaluation of The Effect of Chemical Toxicants On Marine Fauna Toxicological Investigations On Marine Crustaceans Experiments On Polychaeta and Mollusca Experiments On Fishes Conclusions 9 General Features of The Effects of The Most Widely Distributed Toxicants On Different Groups of Marine Organisms Basic Assumptions Biological Effects of Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Other Organic Toxicants Petroleum and Petroleum Compounds Biological Effect of Heavy Metals and Transition Metals General Features of The Biological Effects of Toxicants and Size Structure of Inhabitants of The World Ocean Conclusions 10 Biological Consequences of Global Pollution of The Marine Environment General Characteristics of Biological and Ecological Effects of Pollution 'Ecological Targets' of Disturbing Factors in Marine Communities Character and Scale of Biological Consequences of Chemical Pollution of The Marine Environment Conclusions 11 Ecotoxicological Control and Biological Norms of Pollutants in the Marine Environment System of Marine Ecotoxicological Bio-Assays Permissible Levels of Toxicant Concentrations in the Marine Environment Conclusions 12 Ecological Aspects of Protection of The World Ocean From Pollution General Problems of Strategy of Pollution Control Selected Tasks and Possibilities of Applied Ecology and Toxicology General Features and Special Aspects of Bio-Assaying Natural Waters and Sewage Effluents Regional Approach To Protection of The Marine Environment From Pollution Conclusions Postscript Appendixes 1 Effect of Oil On Marine Organisms 2 Effect of Surfactants (Detergents) On Marine Organisms 3 Effect of Emulsifiers and Other Surface-Active Compounds Applied in the Control of Oil Spills On Marine Organisms 4 Effect of DDT, Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB) and Other Organochlorine Compounds On Marine Organisms 5 Effect of Mercury On Marine Organisms 6 Effect of Copper On Marine Organisms 7 Effect of Zinc On Marine Organisms 8 Effect of Lead On Marine Organisms 9 Effect of Cadmium On Marine Organisms References Index