Plasma Scattering of Electromagnetic Radiation

Plasma Scattering of Electromagnetic Radiation covers the theory and experimental application of plasma scattering. The book discusses the basic properties of a plasma and of the interaction of radiation with a plasma; the relationship between the scattered power spectrum and the fluctuations in plasma density; and the incoherent scattering of low-temperature plasma. The text also describes the constraints and problems that arise in the application of scattering as a diagnostic technique; the characteristic performance of various dispersion elements, image dissectors, and detectors; and the general scattered spectrum for an unmagnetized, low-temperature, quasi-equilibrium plasma. The application of the general scattered spectrum for a magnetized plasma; the scattering from a high-temperature plasma; and the scattering from unstable plasmas are also encompassed. Plasma physicists and people involved in the study of electromagnetic radiation will find the book invaluable.

Preface

Acknowledgments

Chapter 1 Introduction

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Plasmas

1.3 Systems of Units

1.4 Characteristic Lengths and Times in a Plasma

1.5 Scattering of Electromagnetic Radiation by a Plasma

1.6 Radiation by a Moving Charge

1.7 Acceleration of a Charge by an Electromagnetic Wave

1.8 General Restrictions Applied to Calculations in This Book

Chapter 2 Scattered Power Spectrum

2.1 Spectral Density Function S(k,ω)

2.2 Kinetic Equations for a Plasma

2.3 S(k,ω) for a Low-Temperature Plasma

2.4 S(k,ω) for a High-Temperature Plasma

2.5 S(k,ω) Fourier-Laplace Transforms and Collisions

Chapter 3 Incoherent Scattering—Low-Temperature Plasma

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Scattering from a Single Electron

3.3 Incoherent Scattering from a Plasma (No Magnetic Field)

3.4 Incoherent Scattering from a Plasma in Thermodynamic Equilibrium

3.5 Incoherent Scattering from a Magnetized Plasma

3.6 Comments on the Scattered Spectrum

3.7 Measurement of the Direction of the Magnetic Field in a Plasma

Chapter 4 Constraints on Scattering Experiments

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Choice of a Source (λiΔλi)

4.3 Choice of a Scattering Angle (θ,Δθ)

4.4 Signal-To-Noise Ratio (S/N)

4.5 Ratio of Scattered Power to Bremsstrahlung Radiation Power

4.6 Effect of the Incident Beam on the Plasma

Chapter 5 Optical Systems

5.1 Introduction

5.2 General Properties of Spectrometers: Instrument Function

5.3 Diffraction Grating Spectrometer: Theory

5.4 Reflection Grating Spectrometer: Image Dissectors, Application

5.5 Fabry-Perot Etalon: Theory

5.6 Fabry-Perot Etalon Spectrometer: Image Dissectors, Application

5.7 Miscellaneous

5.8 Detectors

5.9 Examples

Chapter 6 Scattered Spectrum for a Low-Temperature Plasma—Theory

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Derivation of nc(k,ω) for B = 0, v = 0

6.3 The Spectral Density Function S(k,ω) for a Collisionless Plasma

6.4 Comments on the Effects of Various Initial Conditions

6.5 S(k,ω) for a Collisional Plasma, B = 0

6.6 S(k,ω) from the Fluctuation-Dissipation Theorem

Chapter 7 Scattering from a Low-Temperature Stable Plasma, B = 0: Experiment

7.1 Introduction

7.2 S{k,ω), Maxwellian Distribution Functions

7.3 S(k,ω), Te/Ti ≅ 1, the Salpeter Approximation

7.4 Electron Plasma Frequency Resonances

7.5 Ion Acoustic Resonance

7.6 Relative Drift of Electrons and Ions

7.7 Incoherent Spectrum for Collisional Plasma

7.8 Total Cross Section ST(k)

Chapter 8 Scattering from a Magnetized Plasma

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Calculation of the Spectral Density Function S(k,ω)

8.3 S(k,ω), Maxwellian Distribution Functions

8.4 Collisional Magnetized Plasma

8.5 Transverse Modes

8.6 General Features of the Magnetized Spectrum

8.7 Total Cross Section, ST(k)

8.8 High-Frequency Spectrum

8.9 Low-Frequency Spectrum

Chapter 9 Scattering from a High-Temperature Plasma

9.1 Introduction

9.2 The Finite Transit Time Effect

9.3 S(k,ω) for High-Temperature Plasma, B = 0

9.4 Incoherent Spectrum B = 0

9.5 Scattering Geometry and Finite Transit Time Effect for a Magnetized Plasma

9.6 S(k,ω) High-Temperature Magnetized Plasma

Chapter 10 Scattering from Unstable Plasmas

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Microscopic Instability Theory

10.3 Scattering from a Marginally Stable Plasma

10.4 Scattering from a Weakly Unstable Plasma

10.5 Scattering from Microturbulence in Shock Fronts

Appendix 1 Mathematical Methods

A1.1 Complex Variables and Integrals in the Complex Plane

A1.2 Fourier Transforms

A1.3 Laplace Transforms

A1.4 Stability of Longitudinal Plasma Oscillations

A1.5 Total Cross Section for a Stable Plasma

Appendix 2 Kinetic Theory of a Plasma

A2.1 Introduction

A2.2 Characteristic Lengths and Times in a Plasma

A2.3 The Boltzmann Equation

A2.4 Comments on the Collision Term

A2.5 Kinetic Description of Scattering from a Plasma

A2.6 The BBGKY Hierarchy

A2.7 The Klimontovich Hierarchy

A2.8 Stable, Homogeneous, Quasi-Stationary Plasmas

Appendix 3 Review of Work on the Scattering of Radiation from Plasmas

A3.1 Introduction

A3.2 Scattering from the Ionosphere

A3.3 Scattering from Laboratory Plasmas with λi ≅ L and ωi ≅ ωpe

A3.4 Scattering from a Plasma Close to Equilibrium, B = 0, v = 0, λi << L, ωi >> ωpe

A3.5 Scattering from a Magnetized Plasma Close to Equilibrium

A3.6 Collisional Effects

A3.7 High-Temperature and Relativistic Effects

A3.8 Total Scattering Cross Section

A3.9 Unstable and Turbulent Plasma

A3.10 Absorption of the Incident Beam and Two-Beam Scattering

Appendix 4 Physical Constants and Formulas

Physical Constants

Conversion Factors

Formulas

Symbols

Scattering Formulas

Units

References

Index