Plant Diseases
Epidemics and Control
Free Global Shipping
No minimum orderDescription
Plant Diseases: Epidemics and Control provides a description of the methods of epidemiological analysis based on infection rates and the relation between the amount of inoculum and the amount of disease it produces. The book shows how to study the increase of pathogen populations and the epidemiological strategy to be adopted to control the epidemic of plant diseases. The text covers the calculation of the logarithmic increase of disease; use of epidemiology in the study of control; forms of sanitation; the use of resistant plant varieties; and the design of field experiments. Plant pathologists and breeders, agriculturists, horticulturists, research workers, teachers, and students will find the text invaluable.
Table of Contents
Contents
Preface
Chapter 1 The Control of Plant Disease Studied as Part of Epidemiology
1.1. The Population of Pathogens
1.2. Epidemics and Biological Warfare
1.3. The Language of Epidemiology. Some Expressions
1.4. A Suggested Order of Reading the Chapters
1.5. The Spread of Disease and Its Bearing on the Technique of Field Experiments
Chapter 2 About Interest on Money. Logarithmic Increase
Summary
2.1. Interest is Proportional to Initial Capital
2.2. Interest per Cent and Interest per Unit
2.3. Simple Interest
2.4. Discontinuous Compound Interest
2.5. Continuous Compound Interest
2.6. Continuous Compound Interest Seen in Another Way
2.7. Equivalent Rates of Continuous and Discontinuous Compound Interest
2.8. Variable Rates of Continuous Compound Interest
2.9. Consistent Units of Time
2.10. Natural Logarithms
2.11. Logarithmic Increase
Exercises
Chapter 3 The Logarithmic and the Apparent Infection Rates
Summary
3.1. Statement of the General Problem of This Book
3.2. The Intermittent Increase of Disease
3.3. The Percentage and the Proportion of Disease
3.4. Logarithmic Increase of Disease and Increase That Is Not Logarithmic
3.5. The Meaning of Infection Rates
3.6. The Words, "per Unit," Again
Exercises
Chapter 4 How to Plot the Progress of an Epidemic
Summary
4.1. The Increase of Disease with Time
4.2. Two Ways in Which Disease Can Increase with Time."Compound Interest Disease'* and "Simple Interest Disease"
4.3. Increase of Disease by Multiplication. "Compound Interest Disease"
4.4. The Increase of Disease without Multiplication. "Simple Interest Disease"
4.5. The Correction Factor (l — x)
4.6. The Reason for Using Log [1/(1 - x)] When There is No Multiplication
Exercises
Epilogue
Chapter 5 The Basic Infection Rate
Summary
5.1. The Basic Infection Rate and the Latent Period
5.2. The Incubation Period
5.3. Some Biological Meanings
5.4. The Early Stages of Artificially Induced Epidemics of Stem Rust of Wheat
5.5. The Relation between r and R
5.6. How R Changes as an Epidemic Progresses
5.7. The Relation between r1 and R
5.8. The Products pr1, pr, and pR
5.9. The Limit to the Explosiveness of an Epidemic
5.10. A Discontinuous Infection Model
5.11. Period of Infection is Reduced to a Point Each Year and p is 1 Year
Exercises
Chapter 6 The Latent Period
Summary 59
6.1. Logarithmic Increase of Infection with p and R Constant
6.2. The Variation of n with Time, with p and R Constant
6.3. The Variation of r{ at an Average Value over an Interval of Time
6.4. The Effect of a Prolonged Period of Inoculation on the Variation of r1
6.5. The Effect of Variation of the Latent Period p on the Variation of r1
6.6. A Wider Interpretation of r1
6.7. The Error from Using a Constant Mean Value p in Eq. (5.7) Instead of a Constant Value p
6.8. Increase of Infection beyond the Logarithmic Phase with p and R Constant
6.9. The Estimation of n after the Logarithmic Stage of an Epidemic
6.10. Three Arbitrary Stages in an Epidemic
Exercise
Chapter 7 Average Values of Infection Rates. Increase of Populations of Lesions and of Foci. Independent Action of Propagules
Summary
7.1. The Relative Infection Rate as an Average
7.2. The Logarithmic Infection Rate
7.3. The Growth of an Individual Lesion in Relation to the Growth of a Population of Lesions
7.4. The Growth of Foci
7.5. The Spread of Pathogens in Relation to the Focal Pattern
7.6. The Growth of an Individual Focus in Relation to the Growth of a Population of Foci
7.7. The Mass Increase of Foci
7.8. Massed Foci of Potato Blight. The Epidemic S
7.9. The Independent Action of Propagules. The General Problem
7.10. The Independent Action of Propagules. Puccinia graminis. Phytophthora infestons, and Some Other Pathogens
Chapter 8 Corrected Infection Rates
Summary
8.1. Correction of n and r for the Growth of the Host Plants
8.2. Correction for Removals
8.3. Relation between the Corrected Basic Infection Rate Re and r
8.4. Balance in Epidemics
8.5. Relation between Rc and r1
8.6. A Threshold Theorem
8.7. The Threshold Theorem and Control of Disease by Fungicides
8.8. The Threshold in Epidemics of Two Systemic Diseases
8.9. Looking Back
Exercises and Examples
Chapter 9 Stochastic Methods in Epidemiology
Summary
9.1. Transforming Proportions of Disease
9.2. Sampling Errors of Estimates of Infection Rates
9.3. Deterministic and Probability Methods in Epidemiology
9.4. Multiple Infections with Systemic Disease
9.5. The Overlapping of Local Lesions
9.6. The Influence of Numbers
9.7. Comparisons with Medical Epidemiology
Chapter 10 A Guide to the Chapters on Control of Disease
10.1. The General Proposition
10.2. Control Measures That Reduce xo: Sanitation, Vertical Resistance, and Chemical Eradication
10.3. Control Measures That Reduce r: Horizontal Resistance and Protectant Fungicides
Chapter 11 Sanitation with Special Reference to Potato Blight
Summary
11.1. A Definition of Sanitation
11.2. How the Infection Rate Affects the Benefit from Sanitation
11.3. The Effect of the Sanitation Ratio
11.4. The Effect of Sanitation on Disease after the Logarithmic Phase
11.5. The Use of Eqs. (11.1) and (11.2) when Disease Is in Foci
11.6. Phytophthora infestans from Potato Cull Piles
11.7. Focal Outbreaks and General Epidemics of Potato Blight
11.8. The Change from Focal Outbreaks to General Epidemics
11.9. The Delay of the General Epidemic as a Result of Destroying Cull Piles
11.10. Cull Piles and Blight Forecasts
11.11. The Increase in Yield as a Result of Sanitation
Chapter 12 Sanitation with Special Reference to Wheat Stem Rust
Summary
12.1. Potato Blight and Wheat Stem Rust Contrasted and Compared
12.2. Stem Rust and Barberry Eradication
12.3. Focal Outbreaks and General Epidemics of Wheat Stem Rust
12.4. Barberry Eradication and Wheat Stem Rust in Northwestern Europe
12.5. The Relation between Sanitation and the Percentage of Stem Rust in Ripe Fields
12.6. The Reduction by Sanitation of Loss in Yield
12.7. The Relation between Loss of Yield and the Area under Stem Rust Progress Curve
12.8. The Infection Rate in Relation to Benefits Gained from Sanitation
12.9. Potato Blight and Wheat Stem Rust Compared Again
Chapter 13 Sanitation and Two Systemic Diseases. Sanitation when Other Things Are Not Equal
Summary
13.1. Common Bunt of Wheat and Fuearium Wilt of Tomatoes
13.2. The Relation between the Number of Spores and Infection of Wheat by Bunt
13.3. The Relation between the Number of Spores and Infection of Tomatoes with Fusarium Wilt
13.4. The Effect of Sanitation on Disease of the "Simple Interest" Type
13.5. The Benefit of Reducing Systemic Disease by Sanitation
13.6. Dependability of Sanitation as a Method of Disease Control in Relation to rt
13.7. Sanitation in Relation to the Absolute Amount of Initial Inoculum
13.8. A Comparison between "Simple Interest" and "Compound Interest" Disease in Relation to Sanitation
13.9. Two Kinds of Initial Inoculum
Exercise
Chapter 14 Vertical and Horizontal Resistance against Potato Blight
Summary
14.1. The Relation between Races of Phytophthora infestons and Resistance Genes in the Potato
14.2. The Mutability of Races of Phytophthora infestons
14.3. Vertical and Horizontal Resistance
14.4. The Unimportance of Vertical Resistance in Varieties without R Genes
14.5. The Distribution of Races
14.6. The Effect of Popularity on the Behavior of R-Types toward Blight
14.7. The Place of Vertical and Horizontal Resistance in Epidemiology
14.8. Analysis of Kirste's Findings: the Effect of Vertical Resistance
14.9. Analysis of Kirste's Findings: the Effect of Horizontal Resistance
14.10. Other Evidence for a Difference in Horizontal Resistance
14.11. Some Published Assessments of Blight Resistance
14.12. The Vertifolia Effect
14.13. Blight on Solanum demissum
14.14. Blight on Mixtures of Clones
14.15. What Vertical Resistance Implies
14.16. The Manifestations of Horizontal Resistance
14.17. The Quantitative Determination of Horizontal Resistance when There Is Also Vertical Resistance
14.18. The Deficiency of Horizontal Resistance in Commercial Varieties
14.19. Breeding Potato Varieties for Resistance to Blight
Chapter 15 A Note on the History of Stem Rust Epidemics in Spring Wheat in North America
Summary
15.1. The Problem in the Spring Wheat Area of North America
15.2. Some Early History
15.3. Waldron's Evidence
15.4. The Evidence of Stakman and Fletcher
15.5. The First Class Epidemics
15.6. Some Conclusions
Chapter 16 Plant Disease in Biological Warfare
Summary
16.1 Epidemics as Explosives
16.2. Vertically Resistant Crops as a Target
16.3. Wheat Stem Rust as an Example
16.4. Stem Rust Races that Can Overcome Vertical Resistance
16.5. Weather Adverse to Epidemics
16.6. Horizontal Resistance for Defense
16.7. Horizontal Resistance to Stem Rust
16.8. Quantitative Interpretation of the Evidence
16.9. The Transition
Exercise
Chapter 17 The Bases of Vertical Resistance
Summary
17.1. Introduction
17.2. The Different Response of Horizontal and Vertical Resistance to Diversity of Varieties
17.3. The Dependence of Vertical Resistance on Varietal Diversity
17.4. A Reason Why Vertical Resistance Is Commonly Chosen to Protect Varieties
17.5. Diversity and Novelty
17.6. The Fitness of Simple Races on Simple Varieties
17.7. Evidence for Stabilizing Selection of Simple Races of Puccinia graminie tritici
17.8. Vertical Resistance without Novelty
17.9. Natural Stability in Vertical Resistance
Chapter 18 General Resistance against Disease
Summary
18.1. General Resistance
18.2. Results of Troutman and Fulton and of Holmes
18.3. The Commonness of Resistance
18.4. The Need to Stress Affinities
18.5. The Search for General Resistance
Chapter 19 The Choice of Type of Resistance
Summary 240
19.1. The Aims of Plant Breeding
19.2. The Difficulty about Generalizing
19.3. The Usual Preference for Vertical Resistance
19.4. The Case for Vertical Resistance
19.5. The Possibility of Improving Vertical Resistance
19.6. The Choice of Horizontal Resistance when There Has Been a Record of Varietal Change
19.7. The Choice of Horizontal Resistance when rt Is High
19.8. The Choice of Horizontal Resistance when There Is Danger of a Vertifolia Effect
19.9. The Choice of Horizontal Resistance when There Is Danger of Biological Warfare
19.10. The Choice of Horizontal Resistance when Fungicides Are Used
Chapter 20 The Quantitative Effect of Horizontal Resistance
Summary
20.1. The Components of Horizontal Resistance
20.2. Changing the Basic Infection Rate
20.3. A Return to Tables 16.3 and 16.4
20.4. Relative Insensitivity of the Apparent Infection Rate to Change when the Basic Rate Is High
20.5. The Effect of a Change of the Latent Period on the Apparent Infection Rate
20.6. The Effect of Removals on the Apparent Infection Rate
20.7. The Effect of Resistance
20.8. The General Simplification
Chapter 21 Control of Disease by Fungicides
Summary
21.1. The Fungicide Square
21.2. Laboratory and Glasshouse Experiments with Phytophthora infestans
21.3. The Performance of Fungicides against Potato Blight in the Field
21.4. Citrus Black Spot and Apple Scab
21.5. The Calculated Effect of Horizontal Resistance or Adverse Climate on the Degree of Fungicidal Activity Needed
21.6. Other Calculated Effects
21.7. Variable Results with Fungicides and the Need for Recording
21.8. The Timing of Application of Protectant Fungicides
21.9. Eradicant Fungicides in Relation to the Infection Rate
21.10. The Fungicide Frontier
21.11. The Forgotten Factor
Chapter 22 How Disease Spreads as It Increases
Summary
22.1. Increase and Spread of Disease
22.2. The Spread of Wheat Stem Rust
22.3. The Spread of Potato Blight
22.4. Wheat Stem Rust and Potato Blight Contrasted Again
22.5. The Flattening of Gradients
22.6. Increasing Disease and Increasing Scale of Distance of Spread
22.7. The Behavior of Populations of Pathogens and of Individual Propagules; the Disease Triangle
Chapter 23 The Cryptic Error in Field Experiments
Summary
23.1. Errors of Representation in Results from Plots in a Field Experiment
23.2. An Experiment with Tomato Fruit Diseases
23.3. An Experiment with Leaf Rust of Wheat
23.4. An Experiment with Stem Rust of Wheat and Rye
23.5. The Deposition of Spores
23.6. Some Calculations for Potato Blight
23.7. Large's Observations on Potato Blight
23.8. The Inadequacy of Guard Rows in Conventional Designs
23.9. The Gradient Fallacy
23.10. The Gradient Fallacy Illustrated
23.11. The Cryptic Error
23.12. Where the Onus of Proof Lies
23.13. The Error when Unsprayed Plots Represent Unsprayed Fields
23.14. The Loss of Air-borne Spores from Plots and Fields
23.15. The Movement of Spores between Plots within an Experimental Area
23.16. The Effect of the Size of Plot
23.17. The Effect of Shape of Plot
23.18. Interference between Plots
23.19. Different Types of Experiment
23.20. The Screening and Ranking of Fungicides in the Field
23.21. Quantitative Comparison of Fungicide Treatments
23.22. Experiments with Plots That Differ Greatly in Disease
23.23. Variety Trial
23.24. The Conservative Error Theory
23.25. The Field Side of the Story
Appendix
References
Author Index
Subject Index
Product details
- No. of pages: 366
- Language: English
- Copyright: © Academic Press 1964
- Published: January 1, 1964
- Imprint: Academic Press
- eBook ISBN: 9781483262130