Phytoremediation Technology for the Removal of Heavy Metals and Other Contaminants from Soil and Water

1st Edition - February 7, 2022
Editors: Vineet Kumar, Maulin P. Shah, Sushil Kumar Shahi
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 8 5 7 6 3 - 5
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 8 8 5 4 8 - 5

Phytoremediation Technology for the Removal of Heavy Metals and Other Contaminants from Soil and Water focuses on the exploitation of plants and their associated microbes as a tool… Read more

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Phytoremediation Technology for the Removal of Heavy Metals and Other Contaminants from Soil and Water focuses on the exploitation of plants and their associated microbes as a tool to degrade/detoxify/stabilize toxic and hazardous contaminants and restore the contaminated site. The book introduces various phytoremediation technologies using an array of plants and their associated microbes for environmental cleanup and sustainable development. The book mainly focuses on the remediation of toxic and hazardous environmental contaminants, their phytoremediation mechanisms and strategies, advances and challenges in the current scenario.

This book is intended to appeal to students, researchers, scientists and a wide range of professionals responsible for regulating, monitoring and designing industrial waste facilities. Engineering consultants, industrial waste managers and purchasing department managers, government regulators, and graduate students will also find this book invaluable.

Cover Image
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
Table of Contents
Contributors
About the editors
Preface
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1 Phytoremediation and environmental bioremediation
Abstract
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Constructed wetlands as phytoremediation tool of wastewater
1.3 Design criteria and calculations
1.4 Metal removal mechanisms in constructed wetlands
1.5 Case studies
1.6 Phytoremediation and environmental bioremediation in other areas
1.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 2 Phytoremediation: The ultimate technique for reinstating soil contaminated with heavy metals and other pollutants
Abstract
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Attributes of soil in relation to pollution/contamination
2.3 Sources of soil and water contamination and their consequences
2.4 Different types of pollutants and their fate in the soil and soil ecosystem
2.5 Different cleaning techniques and their shortcomings
2.6 Components of phytoremediation
2.7 Hydraulic control
2.8 Hyperaccumulating plants for different environments
2.9 Enhancement of phytoremediation process
2.10 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3 Phytoremediation: A sustainable green approach for environmental cleanup
Abstract
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Phytoremediation as a cleanup technology
3.3 The potential of phytoremediation
3.4 Case of study
3.5 Final considerations
References
Chapter 4 Recent developments in aquatic macrophytes for environmental pollution control: A case study on heavy metal removal from lake water and agricultural return wastewater with the use of duckweed (Lemnacea)
Abstract
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Phytoremediation technology: an overview
4.3 Phytoremediation of heavy metals
4.4 Aquatic macrophytes for environmental pollution control
4.5 Case study
4.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 5 Weed plants: A boon for remediation of heavy metal contaminated soil
Abstract
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Heavy metals
5.3 Categories of plants growing on metal contaminated soils
5.4 Technologies for the reclamation of polluted soils
5.5 Mechanism of phytoremediation
5.6 Weeds
5.7 Weed plants as phytoremediator
5.8 Future of phytoremediation using weed plants
5.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6 Oxidoreductase metalloenzymes as green catalyst for phytoremediation of environmental pollutants
Abstract
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Phytoremediation
6.3 Degradation of organic pollutants by phytoremediation
6.4 Oxidoreductase enzymes in phytoremediation of organic pollutants
6.5 Transgenic plants used in phytoremediation of organic pollutants
6.6 Phytoremediation of dyes and effluents mediated by plant oxidoreductase
6.7 Heavy metal detoxification by phytoremediation
6.8 Role of phytochelatin and metallothioneine in plant metallic stress
6.9 Role of antioxidant enzymes against plant metallic stress
6.10 Transgenic plants in the phytoremediation of heavy metals
6.11 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 7 Phytoextraction of heavy metals: Challenges and opportunities
Abstract
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Phytoremediation: a sustainable green approach for environmental issues
7.3 Phytoextraction: promising strategy to remediate heavy metal pollution
7.4 Challenges associated with phytoextraction process
7.5 Advancements in phytoextraction technique
7.6 Conclusion
Reference
Chapter 8 Potential and prospects of weed plants in phytoremediation and eco-restoration of heavy metals polluted sites
Abstract
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Phytoremediation: a green technology
8.3 Eco-restoration of metal-polluted sites
8.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9 Biochemical and molecular aspects of heavy metal stress tolerance in plants
Abstract
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Mechanism of heavy metal tolerance
9.3 Role of metallothioneins in heavy metal tolerance
9.4 Heavy metal tolerance
9.5 Toxicity and heavy metal resistance in plants
9.6 Heavy metal deposition molecular pathway in plants
9.7 Conclusion and future scope
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 10 Monitoring the process of phytoremediation of heavy metals using spectral reflectance and remote sensing
Abstract
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Arsenic and chromium contamination
10.3 Spectral reflectance and remote sensing
10.4 Uptake and accumulation of As and Cr in fern
10.5 Uptake and accumulation of Cr in mustard
10.6 Internal structural changes of fern
10.7 Heavy metal-induced structural changes in mustard
10.8 Plant spectral reflectance
10.9 Spectral reflectance of brake fern
10.10 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 11 Phytostabilization of metal mine tailings—a green remediation technology
Abstract
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Impact of mine tailing on environmental
11.3 Phyotostabilization of mine tailings
11.4 Phytomining of mine tailing
11.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 12 Phytoremediation of heavy metals, metalloids, and radionuclides: Prospects and challenges
Abstract
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Special characteristics of phytoremediating plants
12.3 Various mechanisms for removal of heavy metal metalloids and radionuclides
12.4 Methods for enhancing phytoremediation capabilities
12.5 Genetic engineering
12.6 Utilization of microbes for improving performance of plant
12.7 Challenges associated with phytoremediation strategies
12.8 Conclusion and future prospects
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 13 Phytoremediation of metal: Lithium
Abstract
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Materials and methods
13.3 Results and discussion
13.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 14 Aquatic macrophytes for environmental pollution control
Abstract
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Macrophytes
14.3 Free-floating macrophytes
14.4 Submerged macrophytes
14.5 Emergent macrophytes
14.6 Sources of aquatic pollutants and their effects
14.7 Pesticides and fertilizers
14.8 Heavy metal pollution
14.9 Phytoremediation: a green and an eco-friendly technology
14.10 Phytofiltration (Rhizofilration)
14.11 Potential role of macrophytes for environmental pollution control
14.12 Conclusion
References
Chapter 15 Role of rhizobacteria from plant growth promoter to bioremediator
Abstract
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Characteristics of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria
15.3 Influence of different bacterial species on rhizobacteria plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria activity
15.4 Mechanism of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria
15.5 Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria as bioremediators
15.6 Potential role of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria in stress management
15.7 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 16 Role of nanomaterials in phytoremediation of tainted soil
Abstract
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Nanotechnology in soil remediation
16.3 Phytoremediation and contaminant removal
16.4 Nanomaterial facilitated phytoremediation and contaminant removal
16.5 Conclusion and future prospects
References
Chapter 17 Green technology: Phytoremediation for pesticide pollution
Abstract
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Classification of pesticides
17.3 Hazardous impact of obsolete pesticides
17.4 Salient features of green technology
17.5 Process of phytoremediation in pesticide removal
17.6 Antioxidant defense: a key mechanism of pesticide tolerance and phytoremediation
17.7 Roles of transgenic plants in pesticide detoxification
17.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 18 Phytoremediation of persistent organic pollutants: Concept challenges and perspectives
Abstract
18.1 Introduction
18.2 History, sources, and classification of persistent organic pollutants
18.3 Phytoremediation
18.4 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons phytoremediation
18.5 Conclusion and prospective
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 19 Gene mediated phytodetoxification of environmental pollutants
Abstract
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Heavy metals as major soil contaminants
19.3 Plant strategies in phytoremediation of heavy metals
19.4 Hyperaccumulator plants with their characteristics and mechanism of action
19.5 Mechanisms of heavy metal accumulation, tolerance, and detoxification in plants
19.6 Phytoremediation with transgenics
19.7 Increasing bioavailability of heavy metals
19.8 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 20 Nano-phytoremediation technology in environmental remediation
Abstract
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Nano-phytoremediation technology for pesticides hazards
20.3 Nano-phytoremediation of contaminated soil
20.4 Nano-phytoremediation for heavy metal contamination
20.5 Nano-phytoremediation for water contamination
20.6 Nano-phytoremediation bioenergy crops
20.7 Conclusion and future prospective
References
Chapter 21 Nanophytoremediation technology: A better approach for environmental remediation of toxic metals and dyes from water
Abstract
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Sources of contamination in water
21.3 Conventional treatment for removal of metals and dyes from waste water
21.4 Nanophytoremediation and its advantages
21.5 Different strategies for detection and removal of metals and dyes from water
21.6 Toxicity and environmental impact of nanophytoremediation
21.7 Limitations and future prospects
21.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 22 Constructed wetlands plant treatment system: An eco-sustainable phytotechnology for treatment and recycling of hazardous wastewater
Abstract
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Wastewater from metallurgical industries
22.3 Sanitary effluents of a pet-care center
22.4 Fertilizer factory wastewater
22.5 Landfill leachate
22.6 Recycled paper industry
22.7 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 23 Ecological aspects of aquatic macrophytes for environmental pollution control: An eco-remedial approach
Abstract
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Macrophytes: From adverse effects to environmental solution
23.3 Macrophytes and the contaminated environment: Discriminating between bioindication and phytoremediation
23.4 Phytoremediation mechanisms related to macrophytes
23.5 Nanoparticles: A potential contaminant and the role of macrophytes in its phytoremediation
23.6 Spectroscopic methods in monitoring and evaluation: investigation to understand the interaction between macrophytes and the environment
23.7 Macrophytes as a biological model: Chlorophyll-a fluorescence technique for detecting stress due to environmental contamination
23.8 Electrochemical sensors applied to the study of aquatic phytoremediation by macrophytes
23.9 Conclusions
References
Chapter 24 Phytoremediation of trace elements from paper mill wastewater with Pistia stratiotes L.: Metal accumulation and antioxidant response
Abstract
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Materials and methods
24.3 Results
24.4 Discussion
References
Chapter 25 Electrokinetic-assisted phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated soil: Present status, challenges, and opportunities
Abstract
25.1 Remediation of contaminated soil
25.2 Phytoremediation
25.3 Electrokinetic remediation
25.4 Coupled technology electrokinetics phytoremediation
25.5 Influence of electrode configuration
25.6 Impacts on soil properties and microbial community
25.7 Patents and applications
25.8 Conclusions
References
Chapter 26 Microbes-assisted phytoremediation of contaminated environment: Global status, progress, challenges, and future prospects
Abstract
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Fundamentals concept of phytoremediation practices
26.3 Microorganisms-assisted phytoremediation: An optimistic tools for remediation of environmental pollutants
26.4 Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria assisted phytoremediation
26.5 Endophyte-assisted phytoremediation of organic and inorganic pollutants
26.6 Genetically modified microbe-assisted phytoremediation
26.7 Microbe-assisted phytoremediation of heavy metal
26.8 Microbe-assisted phytoremediation of agricultural chemicals: Herbicides, pesticides, and fertilizers
26.9 Microbe-assisted phytoremediation of petroleum and aromatic compounds
26.10 Worldwide emerging issues and challenges in microbe-assisted phytoremediation
References
Chapter 27 Electricity production and the analysis of the anode microbial community in a constructed wetland-microbial fuel cell
Abstract
27.1 Introduction of constructed wetland microbial fuel cell
27.2 Power generation performance and its influencing factors of CW-MFC
27.3 Analysis of microbial community structure in anode of CW-MFC
27.4 Summary
References
Chapter 28 Phytocapping technology for sustainable management of contaminated sites: case studies, challenges, and future prospects
Abstract
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Phytocapping
28.3 Mechanism and strategy of phytocapping
28.4 Case studies
28.5 Opportunities, challenges, and future aspects
28.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Index

Vineet Kumar

Vineet Kumar is currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Botany at Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (GGV), Bilaspur, India and teaches Environmental Microbiology and Cell and Molecular Biology at the same Institution. Before his joining, he worked as Assistant Professor and Academic Coordinator at the Vinayak Vidyapeeth, Meerut, India. Kumar received M.Sc. and M.Phil. degree in Microbiology from Ch. Charan Singh University, Meerut, India. He earned his Ph.D. in Environmental Microbiology from Babasaheb Bhimaro Ambedkar (A Central) University, Lucknow, India and later worked at the Dr. Shakuntala Misra National Rehabilitation University, Lucknow, India as a Guest Faculty. He was a Senior Researcher in the School of Environmental Sciences at Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi, India and worked on biodiesel production from oleaginous microbes and industrial sludge. He awarded a Rajiv Gandhi National Fellowship by the University Grants Commission, India to support his doctoral work on “Distillery Wastewater Treatment” in 2012. His research interests include Bioremediation, Phytoremediation, Metagenomics, Wastewater Treatment, Environmental Monitoring, and Bioenergy and Biofuel Production. Currently, his research mainly focuses on the development of integrated and sustainable methods that can help in minimizing or eliminating hazardous substances in the environment. He is the author of numerous research/review articles published in international peer-reviewed journals from Springer Nature, Frontiers, and Elsevier on the different aspects of bioremediation, phytoremediation, and metagenomics of industrial waste polluted sites. In addition, he has published 10 Books on Phytoremediation and Bioremediation from CRC Press (Taylor & Francis Group), and Elsevier Inc., USA. His recently published books are ‘Recent Advances in Distillery Waste Management for Environmental Safety’ (From CRC Press; Taylor & Francis Group, USA), and ‘New Trends In Removal Of Heavy Metals From Industrial Wastewater’ (From Elsevier Inc. USA), Microbe-Assisted Phytoremediation of Environmental Pollutants: Recent Advances and Challenges (from CRC Press; Taylor & Francis Group, USA). He is also a reviewer for many other international journals. He is an active member of numerous scientific societies and has served on the editorial board of the journal Current Research in Wastewater Management. As part of his interest in teaching biology, he is founder of the Society for Green Environment, India (website: www.sgeindia.org). He can be reached at [email protected]; [email protected].

Affiliations and expertise

Assisatant Professor, Department of Basic and Applied Sciences, School of Engineering and Sciences, GD Goenka University, Haryana, India

Maulin P. Shah

Dr. Maulin P. Shah is Chief Scientist and Head of the Industrial Waste Water Research Lab, Division of Applied and Environmental Microbiology Lab at Enviro Technology Ltd., Ankleshwar, Gujarat, India. His work focuses on the impact of industrial pollution on the microbial diversity of wastewater following cultivation-dependent and cultivation-independent analysis. His major work involves isolation, screening, identification, and genetically engineering high-impact microbes for the degradation of hazardous materials. His research interests include biological wastewater treatment, environmental microbiology, biodegradation, bioremediation, and phytoremediation of environmental pollutants from industrial wastewaters.

Affiliations and expertise

Chief Scientist and Head, Industrial Waste Water Research Lab, Division of Applied and Environmental Microbiology Lab at Enviro Technology Ltd., Ankleshwar, Gujarat, India

Sushil Kumar Shahi

Dr. Sushil Kr. Shahi is currently working as an Associate Professor in the Department of Botany, School of Life Sciences at Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, Chhatisgarh, India. He has obtained his Ph.D. in 1998 from Allahabad University; Allahabad on Antimycotic studies of some plants (control of dermatophytoses in human beings’. After completion of his education he joined Allahabad University as a research scientist and worked up to 6 years and in 2004 he joined the JV College, Baraut as Lecturer in Microbiology for teaching and research. In 2007 he left the College and joined Ch. Charan Singh (CCS) University, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India as Assistant Professor in Microbiology for teaching and research, after 7 years of servicing in CCS University he joined Guru Ghasidas University as Associate Professor in Botany on 2013. He has the experience of 25 years in teaching and research in herbal technology, herbal antimicrobials, Environmental microbial technology and nano-biotechnology, IPR. He has published more than 56 original research articles in various reputed national and international journals. He has published 08 books from CRC Press, USA, CBS Publisher India. He has been awarded a Fellow of various national level scientific societies viz., Indian Botanical Society, Indian Phytopathological Society, Indian Society of Plant Pathologist, International Young Scientist Association. He has developed herbal medicine for the control of dermatophytosis and onchycomycosis, tinea in animal and human beings; he has also developed various microbial and herbal formulations for the control of plant disease. Some products are as follows: PROTECTON (Post harvest spoilage in fruits (apple and Grapes), NAILGUARD (Onchomycosis (fungal nail infection), PESTOBAN (Herbal pesticide for post harvested food grains), SKINPRO (Dermatophytosis). He obtained Patent on some herbal product for the control of fungal disease in humans in USA, UK, Japan and India: Presently he is trying to develop some eco-friendly technology as microbial based fuel, biodegradable polythene, bioremediation of toxic pollutant from environment.

Affiliations and expertise

Associate Professor, Department of Botany, School of Life Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, Chhatisgarh, India