Physiological and Clinical Aspects of Oxygenator Design

Preface

Introductory remarks

List of Contributors

Advances in oxygenator design: past, present and future

Dimensional Conditions for Oxygenators

Operational conditions underlying the design of membrane oxygenators

Scaling rules for flat plate and hollow fiber membrane oxygenators for total bypass

Introduction

Notations

Model definition and related gas transfer parameters

Scaling rules

Membrane oxygenator performance under varying conditions

Discussion

Appendix

References

Correlation of effects of blood flow rate, viscosity and design features on artificial lung performance

Introduction

Effects of blood flow rate

Viscosity

Design features: Compliance effects

Design features: Port resistance

Morphological evidence by casting

Thrombus formation

Cannulae

Discussion

Summary

Acknowledgments

References

Fluid mechanical problems in membrane oxygenators

Introduction

Symbols

Multiple pipe membrane oxygenator

Hydrophilic membrane oxygenator

Electromagnetic mixing

Conclusions

References

Oxygenator Construction

The Taylor-Vortex membrane oxygenator: design analysis based on a predictive correlation for oxygen transfer

Introduction

Symbols

Experimental methods

Mass transfer correlation

Design analysis

Discussion

Acknowledgments

References

Annular membrane oxygenator with tangential flow. Oxygen transfer analysis and scaling rules

Introduction

Notations

Methods

Characteristics of the tangential flow oxygenator

Hydrodynamic model

Oxygen transfer analysis; theory and experiment

Design criteria for the tangential flow oxygenator

Acknowledgments

References

Fluid mechanics of the Oxford membrane oxygenator and its evaluation in animal experiments

Introduction

Fluid mechanics of the furrowed membrane oxygenator; dye studies

Design of the Oxford membrane oxygenator

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Observations with a membrane oxygenator model combining tubes and sheets

Material and methods

Results

Discussion

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Experimental Methods of Oxygenation

A fluid oxygenator using shear flow dispersion of blood in fluorocarbon

The oxygenator

Methods

Results

Discussion

Summary

References

Supersaturated fluorocarbon as an oxygen source

Methods

Results

Discussion

Summary

Acknowledgments

References

Use of hyperbaric oxygen as oxygen source in extracorporeal oxygenation of blood

High-pressure oxygenation of stagnant blood film

High-pressure oxygenation of flowing blood film

Oxygenation with pressure-saturated dialysate

In vivo experiments using high-pressure oxygenation in batch operation

References

Use of hydrogen peroxide as oxygen source in extracorporeal oxygenation of blood

Methods

Apparatus

Results

Discussion

Conclusions

References

Hematological Aspects

Microrheology of erythrocytes and platelets: physiological basis and consequences for the design and the operation of extracorporeal circulatory devices

Introduction

Methods

Results and discussion

Summary

References

Effect of unphysiological blood flow on circulating cells

Platelet adhesion and aggregation

Platelet activation by erythrocytes

References

Platelets, foreign surfaces, and heparin

Introduction

Materials and methods

Experiments and results

Discussion

Acknowledgments

References

Hematologic abnormalities in extracorporeal circuits (ECC)

Introduction

Materials and methods

Discussion of results

References

Scanning electron microscopical observations on microporous membrane oxygenators

Material and methods

Results

Discussion

Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Extracorporeal circulation and the effect of bubble oxygenation on plasma proteins

Introduction

Equipment testing and bodily responses

Techniques and methods

Results

Comments

Conclusion

References

Tissue Factors

Oxygen consumption at the cellular level

What is the oxygen used for?

References

Hemoglobin oxygen affinity in patients with acute myocardial infarction and angina pectoris

References

Measurements during Extracorporeal Circulation

Problems of measuring blood gases

References

Continuous monitoring of PaO2 of intensive care patients in view of its application during prolonged extracorporeal perfusion

Introduction

Discussion and conclusions

Summary

References

Monitoring hemodynamics, gas exchange, and pulmonary mechanics during veno-arterial bypass with extracorporeal oxygenation

Introduction

Conclusions and summary

References

Automatic oxygen and acid-base control during organ perfusion as a model for extracorporeal circulation

Introduction

Strategy of control

Perfusion system

Results

Discussion and conclusions

References

A computer-operated system for the evaluation of extracorporeal oxygenators

Introduction

Hardware organization

Operating sequence — software structure

Performance test

Acknowledgments

References

Compatibility Problems of Foreign Surfaces

Materials for membrane oxygenators

Introduction

Blood flow

Membranes

Conclusions

References

What has been done with regard to blood compatibility?

Some approaches to blood-compatible materials

Introduction

Extruded silicone tubings

Amphipathic polyelectrolyte complexes

References

Comment

Concluding remarks

Subject index