Physics Applied to Anaesthesia

Foreword to first editionPrefaceAbbreviationsRespiratory SymbolsConversion Table1 Some Mathematical Concepts Trigonometry : Circular measure : Plotting graphs with linear axes : Indices : Rationalization : Logarithms : Semi-logarithmic and logarithmic plots : Decibels : Differentiation : Integration : Exponential equations : Time constant and half-life : Exponential decay of a dye dilution curve : Elimination of a substance from more than one body compartment : Application of exponential equations2 Computer Techniques Operational amplifiers : Summation : Integration : Application of integrating circuits : Differentiation : Inversion : Multiplication by a constant : Some applications of analogue computers : Analogue cardiac output computers : Digital computers3 Mechanics Fundamental concepts : Dimensional analysis : Units and definitions : The SI system of units : Mass and weight: Length : Velocity and acceleration : Force : Pressure : Gauge pressure and absolute pressure : Pressure gauges : Pressure regulators : Demand-type regulators : Medical gas cylinders : Work : Work cost of breathing : Cardiac work : Respiratory resistance : Power : Energy : Energy aspects of respiration : Myocardial contractility4 Authomatic Lung Ventilators and Respirators Body respirators : Automatic lung respirators : Compliance : Pressure and now generators : Ventilatory parameters : Minute volume dividers : Application of negative pressure during the expiratory phase : Patient triggering : Controlled ventilation : Humidifiers : Assisters : Fluid logic controlled ventilators : Fluid logic volume-cycled ventilators : Specific ventilators : Miniature ventilators5 Properties of Liquids, Gases and Vapours Density : Viscosity : Newton's law of viscous flow : Laminar or streamline flow : Turbulent flow : Relationship between flow and pressure : Critical velocity : Concept of peripheral resistance : Units of viscosity : Anomalous viscosity of blood : Flow of fluids through orifices : Critical orifice : Factors affecting the calibration of rotameter gas flow meters : Injectors : Surface tension : Surface tension and the lungs : Diff*usion of gases : Solubility of gases in liquids : Solubility coefficients : Oxygen content, capacity and saturation of blood : Partition of carbon dioxide in plasma : The partition of carbon dioxide in whole blood : Solubility considerations of hyperbaric oxygen therapy : Solubility of volatile anaesthetics in water or blood : Partition or distribution coefficients : Solubility of volatile anaesthetics in oil: Properties of vapours : Factors affecting the uptake of anaesthetic gases and vapours : Concentration effect : Variation of saturated vapour pressure with temperature : Humidity : Absolute humidity : Relative humidity : Dew point : Hygrometers : Humidifiers6 The Gas Laws Dalton's law of partial pressure : Boyle's law : Charles' law : Absolute scale of temperature : Expansion of gases : Equation state of a perfect gas : Van der Waals equation of state for real gases : Isothermals : Withdrawal of gas from a nitrous oxide cylinder : Weight of substance (liquid+gas) in a cylinder : Production of pre-mixed nitrous oxide and oxygen : Variation of pressure with height7 Heat Temperature scales : Units of heat : Specific heat : Specific heat of gases : Isothermal and adiabatic changes : Latent heat and change of state : Evaporation : Transfer of heat : Conduction : Convection : Radiation : Dewar vessel or vacuum flask : Pipeline systems for medical gases8 Anaesthetic Vaporizers Simple plenum vaporizers : Improved plenum vaporizers : Vaporizers for use with intermittent flows : Use of vaporizers with circle anaesthetic systems : Inhalers for midwifery : Action of trichloroethylene on soda lime : Use of vaporizers in series: Vaporizers for use within circle systems : Effect of I.P.P.R. on a vaporizer situated outside a circle : Dental vaporizers : Vaporization from a drip feed or direct injection of a volatile anaesthetic : Calibration of anaesthetic vaporizers : Refractive index method : Ultra-violet and infra-red method : Gas chromatography : Performance of anaesthetic vaporizers under hyperbaric and hypobaric conditions : Pressurized vaporizers9 Electrical, Fire and Explosion Hazards in the Operating Room Sources of ignition : Sparks and static electricity : Prevention of static charge formation : Antistatic flooring : Antistatic rubber : Clothing : Antistatic sprays : Humidification : Sparks from electrical apparatus : Sparks from surgical diathermy apparatus : Flammability characteristics of some volatile anaesthetic agents: Zone of danger and ventilation : Halothane as a non-explosive anaesthetic agent : Use of halothane, methoxyflurane and fluroxene under hyperbaric conditions : Use of nitrous oxideCONTENTS oxygen-halothane mixtures in hyperbaric chamber : Misuse of oxygen cylinders and regulators : Patient safety with electrical equipment : Burns from the surgical diathermy unit : Regulations applicable to equipment for use in the operating room10 Pysical Optics, Photometry and Spectrophotometry Light and electromagnetic radiation : Light as waves or a stream of particles : Polarized light and optical activity : Lighting in the operating room : Photometric units : Units of intensity of illumination : Luminous flux : Brightness of a surface : Spectral composition of operating room lighting : Optical instruments of interest to the anaesthetist : Optical absorption instruments : Principles of optical absorption : Absorption spectrum of indocyanine dye : Non-dispersive infra-red gas analysers : Ultraviolet halothane analyser : Gas discharge nitrogen meter : Oximeters11 Ionizing Radiations Atomic structure of matter : X-radiation : Radioactive isotopes : Isotopes : Atomic mass unit : Mass number : Nuclides : Symbolic representation of nuclides : Stable and unstable nuclei : Modes of disintegration of nuclei : Beta particles : Alpha particles : Gamma radiation : Beta decay by positron emission : Electron capture : Internal conversion : Metastable states : Radioactive decay and half-life : Biological half-life : Radiological protection : The röntgen : The rad : Relative biological effectiveness : Unit of radioactivity : The curie : Rad-equivalent man : Maximum permissible doses : Clinical application of isotopes