Phospholipases in Physiology and Pathology

1st Edition - August 17, 2023
Editor: Sajal Chakraborti
Language: English
Hardback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 5 6 8 7 - 1
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 5 6 8 8 - 8

Phospholipases in Physiology and Pathology presents a comprehensive overview on the physiology and pathology of phospholipases. This seven-volume set considers the biochemic… Read more

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Phospholipases in Physiology and Pathology presents a comprehensive overview on the physiology and pathology of phospholipases. This seven-volume set considers the biochemical and molecular mechanisms of normal and abnormal cell function upon dysregulation of phospholipases in different diseases. Volumes cover signal transduction mechanisms, implications in cancer, infectious diseases, neural diseases, cardiovascular diseases and other diseases, implications in inflammation, apoptosis, gene expression and non-coding RNAs, the role of natural and synthetic compounds, and stem cell therapies, nanotechnology-based therapies, and more.

Together, these volumes give researchers critical insight on the mechanistic and therapeutic aspects of phospholipases.

Cover
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright for Volume 1
Copyright for Volume 2
Copyright for Volume 3
Copyright for Volume 4
Copyright for Volume 5
Copyright for Volume 6
Copyright for Volume 7
Dedication for Volume 1
Dedication for Volume 2
Dedication for Volume 3
Dedication for Volume 4
Dedication for Volume 5
Dedication for Volume 6
Dedication for Volume 7
Contents of Other Volumes for Volume 1
Contents of Other Volumes for Volume 2
Contents of Other Volumes for Volume 3
Contents of Other Volumes for Volume 4
Contents of Other Volumes for Volume 5
Contents of Other Volumes for Volume 6
Contents of Other Volumes for Volume 7
Contributors for Volume 1
Contributors for Volume 2
Contributors for Volume 3
Contributors for Volume 4
Contributors for Volume 5
Contributors for Volume 6
Contributors for Volume 7
About the Editor
Preface
Volume 1: Biochemical Mechanisms in the Regulation of Phospholipases
Section A: General aspects
Chapter 1: Biochemical mechanisms in the regulation of phospholipases
Abstract
1: Nature of phospholipase
2: Location of phospholipase
3: Structure of phospholipase and its activation-inhibition mechanism
4: Function of phospholipases
5: Biochemical mechanism involved in regulation of phospholipase
6: Interfacial activation of phospholipase
7: Industrial application of phospholipase
References
Section B: Regulation of phospholipase A2
Chapter 2: Secretory PLA2: A perspective
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Expression of type II PLA2
3: Activation of sPLA2
4: Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)
5: T-cell activation
6: Suppression of type II PLA2 expression
7: sPLA2-binding proteins
8: Role of sPLA2-IB in obesity
9: Role of sPLA2-X
10: Role of sPLA2-V
11: Role of sPLA2-IIE
12: Physiological and pathological roles
13: Antimicrobial activity
14: Cell adherence
15: Inflammation and immunity
16: Asthma
17: Role of group II sPLA2 in mast cell maturation
18: Lysophospholipids
19: Acute lung infection
20: Cancer
21: Therapeutic aspects
22: Conclusion and future perspectives
References
Chapter 3: Secreted phospholipase A2 type IIA (sPLA2-IIA) binds to the allosteric site (site 2) of integrins and activates integrins in an allosteric manner
Abstract
1: What is sPLA2-IIA
2: Proinflammatory signaling by sPLA2-IIA
3: Noncatalytic action of sPLA2-IIA
4: Our strategy to discover drug targets in chronic inflammation
5: Integrins are receptors for sPLA2-IIA
6: Small molecule antagonists for sPLA2-IIA-integrin interaction
7: What is integrin site 2?
8: Allosteric activation of integrins vs. integrin activation by inside-out signaling
9: sPLA2-IIA activates integrins by binding to site 2
10: sPLA2-IIA-induced integrin activation is involved in its proinflammatory actions
11: Site 2-mediated integrin activation does not induce global conformational changes
12: Conclusion: sPLA2-IIA-integrin interaction is a novel target for drug discovery
References
Chapter 4: Current understanding of phospholipase A2s based on knockout/transgenic mice and human diseases
Abstract
Conflict of interest
Acknowledgments
1: Introduction
2: The cPLA2 family
3: The sPLA2 family
4: Concluding remarks
References
Chapter 5: Phospholipase A2: An emerging biomarker in vascular diseases
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Physiological functions of phospholipase A2
3: Genetic polymorphism of phospholipase A2
4: Enzymatic functions of phospholipase A2
5: Phospholipase A2 as a biomarker
6: Inhibitors of sPLA2/Lp-PLA2
7: Conclusion
References
Further reading
Chapter 6: Snake venom phospholipases A2 and their roles in snakebite envenomings
Abstract
Acknowledgments
1: Introduction
2: Snake venom phospholipases A2
3: The need for research on snake venom PLA2s inhibitors
4: Conclusion
References
Chapter 7: Secretory phospholipase II-A (shredder enzymes) and COVID-19
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: The shredder enzyme
3: sPLA-IIA as a microbial and inflammatory biomarker
4: sPLA-IIA and COVID-19
5: Studies associating SARS-COV-2 infection to sPLA-IIA high concentration
6: sPLA-II inhibitors; a therapeutic rationale for COVID-19
7: Snake venom sPLA-IIA-COVID-19 virucidal potential
8: Conclusion
References
Chapter 8: Secretory phospholipase 2 (sPLA2) in carcinogenesis and tumor microenvironment
Abstract
1: Phospholipase A2 enzyme family
References
Further reading
Chapter 9: Recent insights into the role of phospholipase A2 enzymes in modulating cancer growth and development
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Phospholipases: A superfamily of enzymes
3: Phospholipase A2 enzyme and cancer
4: Interaction of phospholipase A2 with Annexin A1
5: Inhibition of PLA2 as a cancer therapeutic strategy
6: PLA2 and cancer diagnostics
7: PLA2s as potential therapeutic targets and indicators of prognosis in cancer
8: Conclusions
References
Section C: Regulation of phospholipase C
Chapter 10: The role of phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C enzymes in normal, regenerating, and pathological liver
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: PLC enzymes
3: Structure of PLC enzymes
4: Regulation of PLC enzymes
5: PLC enzymes in the liver
6: PLC in liver histopathology
7: PLC in alcohol-related liver damage
8: Conclusion
References
Chapter 11: Role of phospholipase A2 in cancer
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Phospholipase A2
3: Functions of phospholipase A2 in cancers
4: Sources of phospholipase A2 and its anticancer effects
5: Conclusion
References
Chapter 12: Phospholipase C in bacterial infections
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Isoforms of PLC
3: Structure of PLC
4: Role of PLC in Bacillus anthracis infection
5: Role of PLC in Listeria monocytogenes infection
6: Role of PLC in Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection
7: Role of PLC in Clostridium perfringens infection
8: Role of PLC in Helicobacter pylori infection
9: Role of PLC in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection
10: Conclusion
References
Chapter 13: Mammalian phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase Cs
Abstract
1: Phosphatidylcholine phospholipase C
2: Sphingomyelin synthase
3: SMS1 and SMS2 are two PC-PLCs
References
Chapter 14: Role of phospholipase A and D in cardiovascular disease
Abstract
Acknowledgment
1: Introduction
2: Differential changes in phospholipase A2 and D in heart failure
3: Phospholipid-mediated signaling in diabetic cardiomyopathy
4: Alterations in phospholipid-mediated signal transduction in ischemia/reperfusion
5: Concluding remarks
References
Section D: Regulation of phospholipase D
Chapter 15: Brown spider venom phospholipases D: From molecular biology and structural analyses to potential vaccine and serum therapy applications
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Proteomics, transcriptome, and molecular biology analyses on the biological conservation and importance of BSVPLDs
3: Production of recombinant BSVPLDs and the advances in the field
4: Biotechnological applications of BSVPLDs
5: Structural organization of BSVPLDs
6: Catalytic mechanism BSVPLDs
7: Use BSVPLDs to produce anti-Loxosceles sera and vaccines
8: Perspectives in the field
References
Chapter 16: Role of phospholipase D in abiotic stress tolerance
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Membrane system and phospholipases
3: Domains and motifs
4: Subcellular locations, interactions, and functions
5: How does signaling work?
6: PLD and drought tolerance
7: PLD and hypoxia
8: PLD and salinity tolerance
9: PLD and cold stress
10: PLD and heat stress
11: Conclusion and future perspective
References
Further reading
Chapter 17: Dual role of phospholipase-D in tumor progression and chemotherapy
Abstract
Acknowledgments
1: Introduction
2: Phospholipase D
3: PLD in cell differentiation and apoptosis
4: Phospholipase D linked receptors and cancer
5: Phospholipase D in cancer development and progression
6: Phospholipase D as targets for anticancer therapy
7: Conclusion
References
Chapter 18: Participation of N-acyl phosphatidylethanolamine-hydrolyzing phospholipase D (NAPE-PLD) in the pathophysiology of the placenta
Abstract
Acknowledgment
1: Introduction
2: NAPE-PLD distribution and role in female reproductive tissues
3: Normal and pathological placentation: Role of NAPE-PLD
4: Concluding remarks
References
Section E: Other aspects
Chapter 19: Regulation and function of neutral sphingomyelinase 2
Abstract
Acknowledgments
1: Introduction
2: Structural insights into nSMase2
3: Inhibitors
4: Regulation of nSMase2
5: Roles in cellular pathways
6: Roles in disease
7: ISC1, yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae homologue of nSMase2
References
Chapter 20: Phospholipase-mediated regulation of plant's response to nutrient deficiency
Abstract
Acknowledgment
1: Introduction
2: Role of phospholipases in nitrogen deficiency
3: Role of phospholipases in phosphorous deficiency
4: Role of phospholipases in potassium deficiency
5: Role of phospholipases in magnesium deficiency
6: Role of phospholipases in silicon deficiency
7: Role of phospholipases in aluminum deficiency
8: Conclusions
References
Chapter 21: Use of phospholipase enzymes to reduce the environmental impact of traditional chemical processes
Abstract
Acknowledgments
1: Introduction
2: Enzymatic edible oil degumming with phospholipase A enzymes
3: Enzymatic edible oil degumming with phospholipase C enzymes
4: Thermostable phospholipases
5: Use of phospholipase enzymes to reduce the environmental impact of traditional chemical processes
References
Chapter 22: Applications of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferases, an interesting class and potent enzymes with PLA activity
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Mechanism of catalysis
3: Applications
References
Chapter 23: Application of lipases and phospholipases in bioremediation of oil-contaminated environments/habitats
Abstract
Acknowledgment
1: Introduction
2: Lipases
3: Applications of lipases in environment cleaning
4: Phospholipases
5: Mechanism of the structural and catalytic features of phospholipases
6: Bioremediation techniques
7: Conclusion
References
Chapter 24: Secretory phospholipase A2 in snake venom and revelation from cobra venomics
Abstract
1: Snake venom: A cocktail of secretory “extraphysiological” proteins
2: Snake venom PLA2
3: Distinctive distribution of svPLA2 in cobras
4: Conclusion
References
Volume 2: Signal Transduction Mechanisms in the Regulation of Phospholipases
Section A: Implications in cancer
Chapter 1: Role of the Gα13-PI3Kγ-PLD signaling axis in stimulating NADPH oxidase-derived O2•− production by urotensin II in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Materials and methods
3: RNA isolation and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis
4: Validation of siRNA
5: Discussion
References
Chapter 2: Unfurling the contradictory influence of PLA2 and its signaling mechanisms in determining the antitumorigenic or protumorigenic fate of cells
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Phospholipase A2: The crucial family of phospholipases
3: PLA2 and cancer: A curious connection
4: Tumor-promoting effects of various PLA2s
5: Tumor-antagonizing effects of various PLA2s
6: Why the contradiction? A cellular signaling perspective
7: Common mechanisms used by sPLA2 to perform a protumorigenic role
8: Probable mechanisms that confer tumor-suppressive traits on sPLA2
9: Significance of arachidonic acid and its metabolism in tumorigenesis
10: Can a “fit-all” inhibition strategy for PLA2s be adopted?
11: The intriguing endogenous inhibitor—Annexin A1
12: Epilog
References
Chapter 3: Exploring phospholipase D signaling in the Warburg effect and cancer
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: PLDs in normal human physiology and in cancer and inflammation
3: Signaling pathway(s) of PLD
4: PLD inhibitors: Emerging stories and salient examples
References
Chapter 4: An insight of molecular paradigm of phospholipase D on cervical cancer
Abstract
Acknowledgment
1: Introduction
2: PLD activity in human keratinocytes
3: Association of PLD with cervical cancer
4: Association of PLD with human papillomavirus (HPV) in cervical cancer
5: Bridging link between HPV and the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway
6: Conclusion
References
Chapter 5: Crosstalk signaling of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) in lung cancer
Abstract
Acknowledgments
1: Introduction
2: Phospholipase A2 (PLA2)
3: Signaling mechanism of PLA2
4: PLA2 in cancer progression
5: PLA2 in lung cancer
6: Phospholipase inhibitors that act as anticancer agents
7: Inhibitors of sPLA2 in clinical trial/clinical use
8: Conclusion and future perspectives
References
Further reading
Chapter 6: Dysregulation of phospholipase C signaling pathway in breast and colorectal cancer: Association with progression and prognosis
Abstract
Acknowledgment
1: Introduction
2: Phospholipase C: Isoforms, gene loci and subcellular localization, activation
3: Dysregulation of PLC isoforms in BC and CRC, and mechanism
4: PLC associated signaling and its functional relevance in BC and CRC
5: The prognostic importance of PLC in BC and CRC
6: Conclusion and future perspectives
References
Chapter 7: Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 and coronary artery disease
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2
3: Isoforms
4: Structure
5: Biochemical properties
6: The biological role of Lp-PLA2
7: Link between Lp-PLA2 and CAD
8: Conclusion
References
Chapter 8: PLA2: Implications in neurological disorders as a prospective therapeutic target
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Characteristics of PLA2s
3: Cytosolic PLA2
4: PLA2: Role in the central nervous system
5: Role of PLA2 in neurological disorders
6: Alzheimer's disease
7: Parkinson's disease
8: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
9: Multiple sclerosis
10: PLA2 in neurotrauma
11: Phospholipase A2 inhibitors
12: Conclusion
References
Chapter 9: Molecular mechanistic insights on modulation of signal transduction pathways of phospholipase A2 in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Characteristic features of phospholipases A2
3: Physiological functions of sPLA2
4: sPLA2 mutations and clinical significance
5: Asthma and COPD
6: Evaluation of phospholipases A2 involvement in asthma and COPD
7: Importance of PLA2s in asthma and COPD
8: Conclusions
Conflict of interest statement
References
Chapter 10: Signal terminator or signal initiator? The inscrutable role of lipoprotein-associated PAF-acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH) in inflammation
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: PAF-AH
3: Location
4: Types of PAF-AHs
5: Plasma PAF-AH in health and diseases
6: Mutation and genetic variation of plasma PAF-AH
7: Antiinflammatory activity of rPAF-AH and its clinical applications
8: Is PAF-AH a signal terminator or signal initiator?
9: Summary
References
Chapter 11: Patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 in the crossroads of hepatic fibrosis
Abstract
Acknowledgments
Author contribution
1: Introduction
2: Adiponutrin and alcoholic liver disease
3: Adiponutrin biology
4: Limitations of murine model in adiponutrin biology
5: Cancer cell lines as models in adiponutrin biology
6: X-ray crystallographic studies on adiponutrin
7: Adiponutrin I148M variant in the crossroads of liver disease
8: Conclusion
References
Chapter 12: Signaling and transduction mechanism of phospholipase C and isoforms in different cell types
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Tissue-specific activation of PLC isozymes coordinating the mobilization of calcium ions and activation of PKC
3: Intracellular signaling of PLC isozymes in promoting activation of lymphocytes
4: Conclusion
References
Chapter 13: Involvement of phospholipases in Mst pathway regulation
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Mst signaling pathway
3: Phospholipases and their categories
4: Phospholipases and Mst pathway
5: Conclusion
References
Chapter 14: Potential role of virulence signaling in bacterial phospholipase C
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Mechanism of action
3: Types of bacterial variant PLCs
4: Activators of PKC
5: Phospholipase C
6: Structure of PLC
7: Isoform of phospholipase C
8: Conclusion
References
Chapter 15: Phospholipase C Signaling via G Protein-Coupled Receptors in T cells
Abstract
Acknowledgments
1: Introduction
2: Signaling via PLC
3: Lymphocytes
4: Neurotransmitters in the immune system
5: Effects of PLC on β2 integrins
6: PLCβ
7: PLCγ1
8: γδ T cells
9: PLC
10: PLCɛ
11: Non-GPCR activation of PLC in T cells via the T-cell receptor (TCR)
12: Localization of PLC family members to the membrane
13: Ca2+ mobilization/migration
14: Conclusions
References
Chapter 16: Phospholipase signaling network in cancer metastasis and chemoresistance
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Phospholipase A1
3: Phospholipase A2
4: Cytosolic phospholipase A2
5: cPLA2 in GBM
6: Phospholipase B
7: Phospholipase C
8: Phospholipase Cβ1
9: PLCβ1 in cancer and chemoresistance
10: PLCβ1 in GBM
11: Phospholipase D
12: Phospholipase D and its activation in cancer cells
13: PLD and its signaling
14: Conclusion
References
Further reading
Chapter 17: Signal transduction mechanisms in the regulation of phospholipases
Abstract
Acknowledgments
1: Introduction
2: Phospholipase A1
3: Phospholipase A2
4: Phospholipase B
5: Phospholipase C
6: Phospholipase D
7: Conclusion
References
Volume 3: Role of Phospholipases in Cancer
Section A: Mechanistic aspects
Chapter 1: Role of phospholipase A2 in cancer development and progression
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Cytosolic PLA2
3: Secretory PLA2
4: Calcium-independent PLA2
5: iPLA2β
6: iPLA2γ
7: Platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase
8: Conclusion
References
Chapter 2: Involvement of phospholipase A2 in gynecological cancer
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Phospholipase A2: Characteristics and involvement in cancer
3: Phospholipase A2 role in ovarian cancer
4: Phospholipase A2 involvement in uterine cancer
References
Chapter 3: Role of phospholipase A2 in prostate cancer
Abstract
Conflict of interest
1: Introduction to phospholipase A2 function and classification
2: Secretory PLA2
3: Cytosolic PLA2
4: Calcium-independent PLA2
5: Platelet activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH)
6: Lysosomal PLA2
7: Adipose-specific PLA2
8: Phospholipase in cancer
9: Prostate cancer
10: Current treatments
11: Phospholipase and its relevance in prostate cancer
12: Role of secretory phospholipase in PCa
13: Role of cytosolic phospholipase in PCa
14: Role of calcium independent phospholipase in PCa
15: Conclusion
References
Chapter 4: Emerging roles for phospholipase A2 superfamily and their metabolites in carcinogenesis
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: PLA2 superfamily classification and applications
3: Roles of PLA2 superfamily in cancers
References
Chapter 5: The role of phospholipase D in breast cancer
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: The function of PLD
3: PLD and synergy with cancer signaling
4: PLD2 and breast cancer proliferation
5: Phospholipase D and mTOR
6: Phospholipase D and estrogen signaling
7: Phospholipase D and Invasion in breast cancer
8: PLD and breast cancer therapy
9: PLD modulators and migration
10: PLD and drug resistance in breast cancer cells
11: PLD and microRNAs in breast cancer
12: Conclusion
References
Chapter 6: Signal transduction mechanisms of phospholipases and their roles in cancer signaling and progression
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Phospholipase A
3: Phospholipase B
4: Phospholipase C
5: Phospholipase D
6: Phosphatidate phosphatase
7: Phospholipases signaling in cancer
8: Future research direction
References
Chapter 7: Role of phospholipase A2s in gastrointestinal cancer
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: sPLA2s
3: Other sPLA2s
4: cPLA2s
5: Other PLA2s
6: Mechanisms of action
7: PLA2s as therapeutic targets for GI cancers
8: Summary
References
Chapter 8: Phospholipase A2 in oral cancer
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Properties of PLA2 in the tumor microenvironment
3: Interaction between PLA2 and Annexin A1
4: Role of EGF and prostaglandins mediated PLA2 in tumor
5: Interactive relationship between miR-543 and PLA2G4A in OSCC
6: Peroxiredoxin linked PLA2 activity in cancer
7: Caspase-3-dependent PLA2 activation
8: Bradykinin-dependent PLA2 activation
9: PLA2 as matrix metalloproteinase activator in OSCC
10: Use of PLA2 inhibitors in OSCC therapeutics
11: Conclusion
References
Chapter 9: Current insight into the role of phospholipase A2 in breast cancer
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Function of PLA2
3: Classification and general structure
4: Breast cancer
5: Different classes of PLA2 in breast cancer
6: Phospholipases as anticancer drug targets
7: Conclusion and future direction
References
Chapter 10: Phospholipases and their metabolites in cancer
Abstract
Acknowledgments
1: Introduction
2: Phospholipases interaction with surface
3: Phospholipases A1
4: Phospholipases C
5: Phospholipases D
References
Chapter 11: Stimulation of phospholipase and their action on proliferation of cells of breast cancer
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Role of phospholipases in breast cancer cells proliferation
3: Phospholipase drive cell invasion growth in breast cancer
4: Conclusion
References
Further reading
Chapter 12: Phospholipase A2 in male reproductive cancers
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Role of PLA2 in cancer
3: Role of PLA2 in reproductive cancers
4: Male reproductive cancers
5: Conclusion
References
Chapter 13: Phospholipase A2 and hepatocellular carcinoma progression
Abstract
Acknowledgments
1: Introduction
2: Classification of phospholipase
3: Types of phospholipases A2
4: Phospholipase as a biosensor
5: Phospholipase A2 role in cancer progression
6: Hepatocellular carcinoma
7: Hepatitis virus
8: HBV and HCV-associated HCC
9: PLA2 in HCC progression
10: Molecular signaling pathways in HCC
11: Conclusion
References
Chapter 14: Role of phospholipases in hepatocellular carcinoma
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Phospholipases
3: Pathophysiological roles of phospholipases in hepatocellular carcinoma
4: Involvement of phospholipases in signaling pathways that control of proliferation, migration, and invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma
5: Phospholipase inhibitors for hepatocellular carcinoma therapy: potentials and limitations
6: Conclusion and future direction
References
Chapter 15: Role of phospholipases in breast cancer
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Phospholipases
3: Phospholipase in cancer
4: Role of phospholipases in breast cancer
5: Conclusion
References
Chapter 16: Role of phospholipase in relation to cancer
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Role of phospholipase D (PLD) in cancer
3: Role of phospholipase A2 in cancer
4: Conclusion
References
Chapter 17: Regulation of cancer cell survival and invasion through phospholipase D
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Regulators of PLD activity
3: Cancer cell survival signal generation through PLD
4: Regulation of cancer cell invasion and migration through PLD
5: Regulation of antiapoptotic signals through PLD
References
Chapter 18: Role of phospholipase A2 in cancer
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Role of PLA2 in the pathophysiology of cancer
3: PLA2 in different types of cancer
4: Targeting PLA2 for the treatment of cancer
5: Conclusion
References
Chapter 19: Phospholipases in cancer progression and metastasis
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Conclusion
References
Chapter 20: Role of phospholipase A2 in squamous cell carcinoma and breast cancer
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Conclusion
References
Further reading
Section B: Therapeutic aspects
Chapter 21: Phospholipases in human cancers: A new therapeutic target
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Phospholipase C isoforms in human diseases
3: Concluding remarks
Conflict of interest
References
Chapter 22: Emerging role of phospholipase A2 superfamily in cancer and treatment using radiation
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Phospholipases
3: Phospholipase superfamily
4: Role of PLA2 in cancer
5: Treatment of cancer using radiotherapy
6: Significance of tumor microenvironment
7: Radio-sensitivity and radio-resistance in cancer cells
8: Role of PLA2 in radio-sensitization
9: Conclusion
References
Chapter 23: The role of phospholipase A2 in cancers of the lungs and breast: A new therapeutic approach
Abstract
Acknowledgments
1: Introduction
2: Classification and inhibitors of PLA2
3: The metabolic process of PLA2
4: PLA2’s function
5: PLA2s in carcinogenesis and cancer development
6: Breast and lung cancers target PLA2
7: Conclusion
References
Chapter 24: The emerging role of phospholipase D in cancer progression and therapeutics
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Phospholipase D involvement in signaling pathways
3: Regulation of phospholipase D activity during cancer
4: Phospholipase D mechanism on angiogenesis and invasion
5: Phospholipase D mechanism on tumor growth and metastasis
6: Therapeutic aspects—Targeting phospholipid D
7: Conclusion
References
Chapter 25: Underpinning the role of phospholipase D as a therapeutic target in cancer
Abstract
Acknowledgment
1: Introduction
2: Cancer as a disease and PLD as a potent target
3: Need for the search for a new chemotherapeutic target
4: Phospholipase D: A multifaceted enzyme
5: Regulation of PLD
6: PLD signaling pathways
7: Experiments establishing PLD signaling
8: Different phenotypes observed in PLD knockout animals
9: Role of phospholipase D in cancer
10: Small molecule inhibitors of PLD
11: Conclusion and future perspectives
References
Chapter 26: Structural insights and functional aspects of phospholipase A2 and phospholipase D in cancer therapy
Abstract
Acknowledgments
1: Introduction
2: Phospholipase family
3: Phospholipase inhibitors- and their mechanism of action
4: Mutation and pathogenesis of phospholipase isoforms
5: Bioinformatics approaches of cancer-related phospholipases
6: Bioinformatics analysis of PLAs
7: PLD proteomics
References
Chapter 27: Emerging roles of phospholipases and lysophosphatidic acid in ovarian tumorigenesis and their therapeutic targeting
Abstract
Conflict of interest
1: Introduction
2: Role of phospholipase D and phospholipase A1/2 in LPA synthesis and signaling
3: Role of LPA in different cancers
4: Activation of LPA and its role in ovarian cancer progression
5: Chemoresistance in ovarian cancer cells induced by LPA
6: Therapeutics and possible drug targeting
7: Conclusion
References
Chapter 28: Phospholipase and radiation-mediated membrane dynamics
Abstract
Acknowledgments
1: Introduction
2: PL in membrane homeostasis
3: Types of PL
4: Importance of PL in homeostasis and diseases
5: Membrane: A critical target of ionizing radiation
6: Altered membrane signaling in response to radiation
7: Radiation influence on PL activity
8: LPO and PL
9: Apoptosis: A major cell death mechanism induced by radiation
10: Ferroptosis: A nonapoptotic cell death mechanism involving LPO
11: Alteration in lipidomic signatures and their potential as radiation biomarkers
12: Conclusion and future direction
References
Volume 4: Role of Phospholipases in Inflammation, Gene Expression, and Apoptosis
Section A: General aspects
Chapter 1: Phospholipases in inflammation, gene expression, and apoptosis
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Phospholipases in inflammation
3: Phospholipases in gene expression
4: Phospholipases in apoptosis
5: Conclusion
References
Section B: Implication in inflammation
Chapter 2: The role of phospholipases in inflammation, gene expression, and apoptosis
Abstract
Acknowledgment
1: Introduction
2: The role of phospholipases in inflammation
3: The mechanism of action of Lp-PLA2 on inflammation
4: Phospholipases in gene expression
5: Biomedical applications of phospholipases in gene expression
6: Industrial applications of phospholipases
7: Phospholipase and apoptosis
8: Conclusion
References
Chapter 3: The role and regulation of phospholipase D in infectious and inflammatory diseases
Abstract
Acknowledgments
1: Introduction
2: The role and regulation of PLD in infectious diseases
3: The role and regulation of PLD in inflammatory diseases
4: Conclusion
References
Chapter 4: Cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2)-mediated oxidative and inflammatory responses in neurodegenerative diseases
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: cPLA2 in different neural cells
3: cPLA2 in neurodegenerative diseases
4: cPLA2-mediated oxidative stress and signaling pathways
5: cPLA2-linked neuro-inflammatory responses
6: cPLA2 as a therapeutic target
7: Conclusion and future perspective
Funding
References
Chapter 5: Modulation of phospholipases by phenolic compounds: Novel targets in the management of inflammatory diseases
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Phospholipases (PLS)
3: Phenolic compounds
4: Antiinflammatory mechanisms of phenolic compounds
5: Lipoxygenases (LOXs)
6: Cycloxygenases (COXs)
7: Phospholipase A2 (PLA2)
8: Other phospholipases
9: Conclusion
References
Further reading
Chapter 6: The phospholipase A2 superfamily and its role in chronic inflammatory conditions with relation to adjuster cells
Abstract
Acknowledgment
1: Introduction
2: Types of phospholipase A2
3: Adjuster cells of the immune system
4: The relationship of phospholipase A2 with adjuster cells in cases of chronic inflammatory disorders
5: Conclusion
References
Chapter 7: The role of N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine-hydrolyzing phospholipase D (NAPE-PLD) and its metabolites in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration
Abstract
Acknowledgments
1: Introduction
2: Structure and function of NAPE-PLD
3: NAPE-PLD distribution and its role in the normal central nervous system
4: The role of NAPE-PLD and its metabolites in the diseased central nervous system
5: Concluding remarks
References
Chapter 8: The role of phospholipase A2 in vascular health and disease
Abstract
Acknowledgments
1: Introduction
2: PLA2s and vascular endothelial cells
3: PLA2s and vascular smooth muscle cells
4: PLA2s and macrophages
5: Conclusion
References
Chapter 9: Phospholipase A2 as a modulator of infection, inflammation, and immunity
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Metabolism of essential fatty acids
3: Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and its role in inflammation and its resolution
4: PUFAs in the formation of different subsets of helper T cells
5: Conclusions and therapeutic implications
References
Chapter 10: Inflammatory effects of phospholipase A2s present in snake venom of the genus Bothrops
Abstract
Acknowledgments
1: Introduction
2: Biochemical characterization of phospholipase A2s from snake venom
3: PLA2S homolog: Structures and mechanisms
4: Inflammatory properties of PLA2S
5: In vivo inflammatory effects of myotoxic PLA2S
6: In vitro inflammatory effects of myotoxic PLA2S
References
Chapter 11: Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2: Antioxidant and inflammatory role
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Inflammatory role
3: Antioxidant role
4: Role in atherosclerosis
5: Role of Lp-PLA2 as a biomarker
6: Estimation of Lp-PLA2
7: Therapeutic role
8: Conclusion
References
Chapter 12: Role of phospholipases in membrane remodeling, inflammation and cancer
Abstract
Acknowledgment
1: Introduction
2: Phospholipase A1 (PLA1)
3: Phospholipase A2 (PLA2)
4: Secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2)
5: Cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2)
6: Calcium-independent phospholipase A2 (iPLA2)
7: Platelet-activating factor acylhidrolases (PAF-AH PLA2)
8: Lysosomal phospholipase A2 (LPLA2)
9: Adipose phospholipase A2 (AdPLA2)
10: Phospholipase B (PLB)
11: Phospholipase C (PLC)
12: Phospholipase D (PLD)
13: Phospholipases in membrane remodeling
14: Phospholipases and the inflammation and immune processes
15: Phospholipases in neoplasia
References
Chapter 13: Phospholipase A2-mediated regulation of inflammation and apoptosis
Abstract
Acknowledgment
1: Introduction
2: PLA2 in inflammation and its mechanism
3: PLA2 in apoptosis and its mechanism
4: Regulation of PLA2 activity for therapeutic applications
5: Conclusion and perspectives
References
Further reading
Section C: Implication in apoptosis
Chapter 14: Role of platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase on the inflammatory and apoptotic processes in atherosclerosis
Abstract
Acknowledgments
1: Introduction
2: Classification and structure
3: Regulation of enzymatic activity
4: Main substrates and products
5: Transport in blood: Binding to lipoproteins
6: PAF-AH and cardiovascular risk
7: PAF-AH and apoptosis in atherosclerosis
8: Controversy of the pro- or antiatherogenic role of PAF-AH
9: Future perspectives
References
Chapter 15: Functional role of phospholipase D in apoptosis and cancer
Abstract
Acknowledgments
1: Introduction
2: Phospholipase D (PLD)
3: Role of PLD in various cancers
4: PLD as a therapeutic target in various diseases
5: Summary and outlook
References
Chapter 16: Phospholipases: Insights into the potential role of cell death
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Classification of phospholipases
3: Role of phospholipases in diagnostics and therapeutics
4: Activation of phospholipases during apoptosis
5: Induction of phospholipases during autophagy
6: Activation of phospholipases during necrosis
7: Conclusion
References
Chapter 17: Calcium-dependent and -independent phospholipases and apoptosis
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Calcium signaling
3: Phospholipase pathway
4: Polycystin-2 and apoptosis
5: Calcium-dependent and -independent phospholipases pathway and apoptosis
6: Conclusions
References
Section D: Implication in gene expression and noncoding RNAs
Chapter 18: Role of noncoding RNA in phospholipases-mediated diseases
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Phospholipid biosynthetic pathway in mammalian cells
3: RNA
4: Role of microRNA in lipid metabolism
5: Role of noncoding RNA and microRNA in cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases
6: Conclusion
References
Chapter 19: The genetics of phospholipase A2 induced redox signaling in neuroinflammation and neuronal diseases
Abstract
Declaration
Funding
1: Introduction
2: Types of phospholipase A2
3: The mechanism of various PLA2s in neuroinflammation
4: The crosstalk between PLA2 and ROS
5: Genetic modifier of the PLA2 pathway in neuronal diseases
6: RNA sequencing identified PLA2-ROS pathway genes in neuronal diseases
7: miRNAs involved in the PLA2-ROS pathway
8: Epigenetics signature in PLA2-ROS pathway genes in neuronal diseases
9: Targeted therapy of neuroinflammation against PLA2-ROS-associated protein
10: Conclusion
References
Chapter 20: Phospholipases as pivotal players in signal transduction during tumorigenic processes
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Major phospholipases in cancer regulation
3: Signaling cascade of phospholipases in cancer
4: Genetic and epigenetic regulation of phospholipases in cancer
5: Phospholipases as prognostic biomarkers in cancer
6: Phospholipases—Probable targets in cancer therapy and treatment
7: Conclusion
References
Chapter 21: Functions and gene expression alterations of phospholipase C in gametes
Abstract
Authors contribution
Acknowledgments
1: Introduction
2: Phospholipase C in sperm
3: Phospholipases C in oocytes
4: Other phospholipases in sperm
5: Other phospholipases in oocytes
6: Conclusions
References
Chapter 22: Highlighting the role of phospholipase A2 and noncoding RNA in colorectal cancer
Abstract
Consent for publication
Author contributions
Acknowledgments
1: Introduction
2: Phospholipase A2 in cancer
3: Noncoding RNAs in cancer
4: Phospholipase A2 and noncoding RNAs in cancer
5: Potential of noncoding RNAs and phospholipase A2 quantification for cancer therapy
6: Conclusion
References
Chapter 23: Crosstalk between phospholipases and noncoding RNAs in cancer
Abstract
Acknowledgment
1: Introduction
2: Phospholipase and its classification
3: Phospholipases and cancer
4: Phospholipases and epigenetics
5: Phospholipase and noncoding RNA
6: Conclusion and future perspectives
References
Chapter 24: Relationship between phospholipases and LncRNAs during the onset of diseases
Abstract
Acknowledgments
1: Introduction
2: Categorization of phospholipases
3: PLA2 in the tumor microenvironment (TME)
4: Role of phospholipase C in cancer
5: PLCs in metastasis
References
Further reading
Chapter 25: Epigenetic signatures in phospholipase A2 receptor genes predict cancer initiation and therapeutic progression
Abstract
Declaration
Funding
1: Introduction
2: Various types of PLA2
3: Role of PLA2 in various cancers
4: PLA2R1 is a receptor for sPLA2
5: The role of PLA2R1 in cancer initiation and progression
6: The hypermethylation/epigenetic signature of PLA2R1 could be a diagnostic and prognostic marker to detect cancer
7: Therapeutic development based on hypermethylation of PLA2R1
References
Volume 5: Therapeutics of Natural and Synthetic Compounds in Phospholipases-Induced Diseases
Section A: General aspects
Chapter 1: Therapeutic mode of action of synthetic compounds and phytochemicals in the molecular mechanisms of phospholipases with respect to cancer
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: PLA2 and cancer
3: Inflammatory responses led cancer pathways
4: Molecular mechanisms of PLA2 inhibitors
5: Synthetic and natural PLA2 inhibitors to control cancer progression
References
Chapter 2: Identification of potential inhibitor(s) against phospholipase A2 using a network pharmacology-based approach
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Network pharmacology—An asset to drug discovery
3: Phospholipases
4: PLA2 enzyme regulation and role in cancer prognosis
5: Inhibition of AA metabolites by inhibiting PLA2
6: PLAs as anticancer drug targets
7: Strategies in network pharmacology approach
References
Chapter 3: Functional role and therapeutic prospects of phospholipases in infectious diseases
Abstract
Acknowledgments
1: Introduction
2: Phospholipases
3: Role of phospholipases in bacterial infections
4: Role of phospholipases in fungal infections
5: Role of phospholipases in viral infections
6: Role of phospholipases in parasitic infections-malaria
7: Other therapeutic aspects of phospholipases
8: Summary and outlook
References
Section B: Role of natural compounds
Chapter 4: Anticancer role of natural compounds targeting phospholipase A2
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Marine targeting phospholipases A2
3: Diterpenes PLA2 inhibitors
4: Sesquiterpenes PLA2 inhibitors
5: Sesterterpenes PLA2 inhibitors
6: Nonterpenoid PLA2 inhibitors
7: Snake venom phospholipases A2
8: Plant-derived natural products targeting phospholipases A2
9: Allium cepa L.
10: Curcumin
11: Ginger (Zingiber officinale)
12: Silibinin
13: Clinacanthus nutans
14: Aloe vera
15: Peltophorum pterocarpum
16: Conclusion and future perspective
References
Chapter 5: Natural inhibitors of phospholipase A2: Current knowledge and therapeutic approaches
Abstract
Acknowledgments
1: Introduction
2: Biological functions and disease implications of PLA2s
3: Natural inhibitors of PLA2
4: Conclusions
References
Chapter 6: Recent advances of application of Berberin on phospholipase A2 (PLA2): A novel and potent therapeutic inhibitor in targeting lung cancer
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Biochemistry and characteristic features of PLA2
3: Regulatory functions of phospholipase A2
4: Physiological properties and role in disease of cytosolic PLA2
5: Conclusion and perspectives
References
Chapter 7: Marine natural products against phospholipase A2—In pursuit of novel antiinflammatory agents
Abstract
Acknowledgments
1: Introduction
2: Inflammation and phospholipase A2
3: Marine natural products against phospholipase A2
4: Conclusion
References
Section C: Role of synthetic compounds
Chapter 8: Phospholipid metabolism in cancer: Role of phospholipase D and its targeting with small-molecule inhibitors as a potential therapeutic approach for cancer
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Role of phospholipids in cancer
3: Role of phospholipases in cancer
4: Small-molecule inhibitors and cancer
5: Conclusions
References
Chapter 9: Therapeutic approaches of phospholipase C inhibitors in breast cancer
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Breast cancer
3: Lipids and cancer
4: Phospholipases-types and involvement in signaling pathways
5: Phospholipases and their metabolites
6: Discussion
7: Future perspective
References
Chapter 10: Targeting phospholipase C using synthetic inhibitors of EGFR signaling for cancer treatment
Abstract
Conflict of interest
Acknowledgments
1: Introduction
2: Role of PLC during EGFR driven cancer
3: Small molecule EGFR inhibitors and phospholipase C
4: Peptide-based inhibitors of EGFR influencing PLC
5: Conclusion
References
Chapter 11: Phospholipase A2 inhibitors in lung cancer therapy
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Biological functions of PLA2
3: Phospholipase A2 and cancer
4: Lung cancer
5: Conclusion
References
Further reading
Chapter 12: Phospholipase inhibitors as cancer therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Conclusion
References
Chapter 13: Macro understanding of the therapeutic role of phospholipase and their metabolites in pancreatic ductal and periampullary adenocarcinoma
Abstract
Conflict of interest statement
1: Introduction
2: Phospholipases and cancer
3: Phospholipases and their role in pancreatic cancer
4: Mechanism of action
5: Conclusion
6: Future perspectives and therapeutic scopes
References
Chapter 14: Phospholipases A2 as a therapeutic target in prostate cancer
Abstract
Acknowledgment
1: Introduction
2: Prostate cancer
3: Phospholipases
4: PLA2 as a therapeutic target for prostate cancer
5: Other potential PLA2 inhibitors on prostate cancer
6: Nanotherapeutic approach of PLA2 inhibitor on prostate cancer progression
7: Conclusion
References
Chapter 15: Phospholipase's role in maintaining and restoring skin and hair health
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Lipids in skin biology
3: Phospholipase enzymes in skin and hair pathophysiology
4: PLA2 inhibitors
5: Treatment strategies
6: Summary
References
Further reading
Chapter 16: Analyzing the interaction of synthetic inhibitors with phospholipases through in silico methods
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Snake venom PLA2 inhibitors
3: Peptide inhibitors for human sPLA2
4: cPLA2 inhibitors
5: LP-PLA2 inhibitors
6: iPLA2 inhibitors
7: PLC inhibitors
8: PLD inhibitors
References
Chapter 17: Phospholipase D inhibitors for targeted cancer therapy: Potentials and limitations
Abstract
Acknowledgments
1: Introduction
2: The role of PLD in cancer
3: PLD inhibitors for cancer therapy: Potentials and limitations
4: Future prospects
References
Chapter 18: Phospholipase C isoenzyme and its role in breast cancer: A novel therapeutic approach
Abstract
Acknowledgments
1: Introduction
2: Structure of PLC
3: Phospholipase involvement in signaling pathways
4: Isozymes and their regulation mechanisms
5: PLC-γ1 role in breast cancer
6: Therapeutic target for breast cancer
7: Conclusion
References
Further reading
Chapter 19: Candida phospholipases as potential target for natural antifungals
Abstract
Acknowledgment
1: Introduction
2: Detection of phospholipase activity in C. albicans
3: Factors affecting phospholipase secretion
4: Classes of Candida phospholipases
5: Role of phospholipases in virulence and pathogenicity
6: Phospholipases as potential diagnostics and therapeutic targets
7: Natural compounds and their effect on phospholipase secretion
8: Conclusion and future perspective
References
Volume 6: Stem Cell, Nanotechnology, System Biology, and Bioinformatic Approaches in Therapy of Phospholipases-Induced Diseases
Section A: Stem cell therapies
Chapter 1: Stem cells in the management of phospholipase-mediated metabolic disorders
Abstract
Acknowledgment
1: Introduction
2: Metabolic disorders
3: Pathology of obesity and phospholipase
4: Pathology of diabetes mellitus and phospholipase
5: Pathology of fatty liver and phospholipase
6: Stem cell metabolism
7: Stem cells in the treatment of metabolic disorders
8: Stem cells in the management of obesity
9: Stem cells in the management of diabetes mellitus
10: Stem cells in the management of fatty liver
11: Conclusion
References
Chapter 2: Different stem cell therapeutic approaches for congenital diseases associated with phospholipase enzymes
Abstract
Acknowledgment
1: Introduction
2: Congenital disorders linked to phospholipid
3: Pathology of lysosomal diseases and phospholipase
4: Pathology of peroxisomal diseases and phospholipase
5: Pathology of mitochondrial disease and phospholipase
6: Stem cells and congenital disorders
7: Stem cells in the treatment of lysosomal diseases
8: Stem cells in the management of peroxisomal diseases
9: Stem cells in the management of mitochondrial disease
10: Conclusion
References
Chapter 3: Potential of stem cell therapy in phospholipase-mediated neurodegeneration
Abstract
Acknowledgment
1: Introduction
2: Neurodegenerative diseases
3: Phospholipases in the pathology of Alzheimer's disease
4: Phospholipases in the pathology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
5: Phospholipase in the pathology of Parkinson's disease
6: Stem cells in brain
7: Stem cell in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases
8: Stem cells in the management of Alzheimer's disease
9: Stem cells in the management of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
10: Stem cells in the management of Parkinson's disease
11: Conclusion
References
Chapter 4: Advancements in stem cell-based therapeutics in phospholipase A2-dependent colorectal cancer
Abstract
Consent for publication
Conflict of interest
1: Introduction
2: Phospholipases and colorectal cancer
3: Treatment and therapy for colorectal cancer
4: The synergistic impact of MSCs and anticancer drugs in the treatment of colorectal cancer
5: Conclusion
References
Chapter 5: Impact of phospholipases on stem cell proliferation, differentiation, and therapy
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Types of stem cells, based on potency
3: Maintenance of stemness
4: Phospholipases play a seminal role in stem cell signaling, proliferation and differentiation
5: Types of phospholipases
6: Biological roles of phospholipases
7: Stem cells therapy mediated by phospholipases
8: Conclusion
References
Chapter 6: Phospholipases and stem cell physiology in proliferations, differentiations, and translational research
Abstract
1: Introduction: Phospholipases, classification and insight into their catalytic action and general role in stem cells
2: Developmental biology, regenerative stem cells, and phospholipase signaling
3: Proliferation/differentiation of regenerative stem cells and phospholipases
4: Cancer stem cells, lipid dynamics, and phospholipase signaling
5: Tissue engineering approaches with stem cells and the role of phospholipases
6: Conclusion
References
Section B: Nanotechnology based therapies
Chapter 7: Phospholipase-based nanocarriers for therapeutic applications
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Nanocarriers
3: Types of nanocarriers
4: Mechanism of drug release by nanocarriers
5: Enzyme-responsive nanocarriers
6: Phospholipases
7: Classification of phospholipases
8: Phospholipases as nanocarriers and their application
9: Conclusion
References
Chapter 8: Nanotherapeutic approaches for managing phospholipase-mediated neurodegenerative and metabolic diseases
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Role of phospholipases in neurodegenerative diseases
3: Nanotherapeutic approach for managing PL-mediated neurodegenerative diseases
4: Role of phospholipases in metabolic diseases
5: Nanotherapeutic approach for managing PL-mediated metabolic diseases
6: Role of phospholipases and nanotherapeutic approaches in managing inflammatory diseases
7: Summary and conclusion
References
Chapter 9: Rational design of phospholipase-sensitive intelligent liposomal nanocarriers for prodrug and drug delivery in cancer therapy
Abstract
Conflict of interest
1: Introduction
2: Liposomal nanocarriers in cancer management
3: Rational design of sPLA2-sensitive liposomal delivery systems
4: Challenges and future scope in sPLA2-sensitive liposomal drug delivery in cancer management
5: Conclusion
References
Chapter 10: Natural product-based nanomedicinal approaches for targeting phospholipases in cancer cells
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Types of phospholipases
3: Phospholipases signaling
4: Effect of phospholipase signaling on cancer hallmarks
5: Natural product targeting phospholipases
6: Natural product-based nanomedicine
7: Conclusion and future prospects
References
Section C: Bioinformatics and system biology approach
Chapter 11: Protein-protein interaction mapping of phospholipase
Abstract
Conflict of interest
1: Introduction
2: Types of phospholipases
3: Case studies
4: Conclusions
References
Chapter 12: Network pharmacology-based identification of potential inhibitor(s) against phospholipase A2
Abstract
Conflict of interest
Acknowledgment
1: Introduction
2: Overview of the catalytic mechanism of PhospholipaseA2
3: Network of PLA2s
4: Associations of PLA2s in neurodegenerative diseases
5: PLA2 enzymes as potential drug targets
6: Summary
References
Further reading
Chapter 13: Role of phospholipases in chronic inflammatory diseases: A systems biology perspective
Abstract
1: Introduction to inflammation and chronic inflammatory diseases
2: Etiology
3: Phospholipases
4: Role of phospholipases in cancer
5: Interactions
6: Dysregulation
7: Future perspectives
8: Conclusion
References
Further reading
Chapter 14: Natural products-based antiinflammatory compounds and phospholipase A2: Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations
Abstract
Acknowledgments
1: Introduction
2: Phospholipase A2 (PLA2)
3: Conclusion
References
Chapter 15: Systems biology approaches to unveiling the expression of phospholipases in various types of cancer—Transcriptomics and protein-protein interaction networks
Abstract
1: Brief introduction to systems biology
2: Overview of phospholipases in cancer research
3: Importance of transcription data
4: Scope and purpose of the chapter
5: Systems biology approaches to analyzing transcription data
6: Phospholipases in cancer
7: Mutations in phospholipases—Clinical mutations and roles in cancer
8: Transcriptional regulation of phospholipase gene expression by hormones
9: Phospholipases as diagnostic, prognostic, or predictive biomarkers in various cancers
10: Transcription data of phospholipase in different types of cancer
11: Conclusion
References
Chapter 16: Phospholipase signaling in inflammation and promiscuity of phospholipase active site ligands
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Phospholipase types, their lipid mediators, and their roles in inflammation and cancer
3: Participation of cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase, and other enzymes in lipid mediator generation
4: Role of dietary lipid choice on PLase activity
References
Chapter 17: Sensors and model-based approaches applied for phospholipase activity detection
Abstract
Acknowledgments
1: Introduction
2: Phospholipases classification and applications
3: Phospholipases sensor detection methods
4: Model-based techniques
5: Future trends
References
Chapter 18: Phospholipases as therapeutic targets: Systems biology and bioinformatics approaches
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Phospholipases and diseases
3: Phytomedicines that inhibit phospholipase activity
4: Bioinformatics: A low-cost and promising approach
5: Molecular docking: Optimization of specific targets and lead molecules
6: Systems biology: Drug discovery
7: Systems biology and its role in drug discovery
8: Systems biology and development of biomarkers for disease diagnosis and target validation
9: Systems biology and network-based analysis via PPI network
10: Conclusion
References
Volume 7: Phospholipases in Nonmalignant Human Diseases
Section A: Implication in infectious diseases
Chapter 1: Implications of phospholipase A2 in fungal diseases
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Role of phospholipase A2 in pathogenesis during yeast infection
3: Role of phospholipase A2 in pathogenesis during fungi infection
4: Role of phospholipase A2 in pathogenesis during Candida infection
5: Conclusion
References
Chapter 2: Pathological aspects of microbial phospholipases
Abstract
Acknowledgment
1: Introduction
2: Phospholipases and their mechanisms of action
3: Phospholipases in bacterial pathogenesis
4: Potential role of phospholipases in fungal pathogenesis
5: Role of phospholipases in pathogenesis of various protozoa
6: Therapeutic implications of phospholipase inhibitors and future outcome
References
Chapter 3: Parasite phospholipases A, signaling events, and contribution to pathogenesis
Abstract
Acknowledgments
1: Introduction
2: Phospholipases A in pathogenic and free living amoebas
3: Apicomplexan parasites: Toxoplasma gondii and Cryptosporidium spp.
4: Flagellates I: Intestinal and genital: Giardia duodenalis and Trichomonas vaginalis
5: Flagellates II: Hemoflagellates: Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma cruzi, and Leishmania spp.
6: Phospholipases A in nematodes: Toxocara canis and Wuchereria bancrofti
7: Phospholipases A in Trematoda: Schistosoma spp. and Clonorchis sinensis
8: Available gene sequences of parasite phospholipases A
9: Phospholipases A from other organisms as tools for parasite control
10: Conclusion
References
Chapter 4: Phospholipases in viral infection
Abstract
Acknowledgments
1: Introduction
2: PLA1 participates in the activity of single-strand RNA virus in host cells
3: Virucidal effects of PLA2/PLB on enveloped virus
4: PLC and viral inflammation
5: PLD and RNA virus
6: Conclusion
References
Chapter 5: Phospholipases of malaria parasite: Role in pathogenesis and potential as drug targets
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Lipid homeostasis in the malaria parasite sustaining an intense period of membrane biogenesis
3: Biosynthesis of phospholipids in Plasmodium via amalgamation of prokaryotic and eukaryotic mechanism
4: Phospholipases of Plasmodium: Lipolytic enzymes driving a multitude of cellular functions
5: Role of other phospholipases in pathogenesis of malaria parasite
6: Phospholipases as targets for development of novel chemotherapeutics for malaria
References
Chapter 6: Phospholipases in candidiasis
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Phospholipase definition and justification for considering their role in candidal virulence
3: Types of candidal phospholipases
4: Augmentation of candidal virulence by phospholipase mechanisms
5: Other activities of fungal extracellular phospholipases that promote virulence
6: Fungal phospholipases as a therapeutic and diagnostic target
7: Conclusion
References
Section B: Implication in neural diseases
Chapter 7: Role and function of cPLA2 in CNS trauma and age-associated neurodegenerative diseases
Abstract
Acknowledgment
1: Introduction
2: Types of cPLA2
3: cPLA2 structure
4: Regulation of cPLA2 localization and activity
5: Functions of cPLA2
6: cPLA2 in neurodegenerative diseases
7: Conclusions
References
Chapter 8: Phospholipase C and glutamate excitotoxicity as etiological mechanism in neurological disorders
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Neurological disorders
3: Role of phospholipase C in glutamate excitotoxicity
4: Targeting PLC to treat glutamate excitotoxicity and its clinical uses in neurological disorders
References
Chapter 9: The importance of phospholipases A2 in Alzheimer's disease mechanisms, pathology, and potential therapies
Abstract
Acknowledgment
1: Introduction
2: Brain phospholipase A2 isoforms
3: Characterization of brain phospholipase A2
4: Contribution of phospholipase A2 to AD pathology
5: Phospholipase A2 and Alzheimer's risk
6: Role of phospholipase A2 inhibitors in AD
7: Conclusions and future directions
References
Chapter 10: Neurotoxicity and myotoxicity of snake venom-derived phospholipase A2
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Myotoxicity activity of snake-derived PLA2
3: Neurotoxicity activity of snake-derived PLA2
4: Concluding remarks
References
Chapter 11: Omega-3 fatty acids and neurodegenerative diseases: Focus on Alzheimer's disease
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Hypotheses of AD
3: Functional foods and dietary lipids
4: Limitations, prospects, and conclusion
References
Chapter 12: Role of phospholipases in neurodegenerative disorders
Abstract
Conflict of interest
Acknowledgment
1: Introduction
2: Phospholipase A1 (PLA1)
3: Phospholipase A2
4: Phospholipase B
5: Phospholipase C
6: Phospholipase D (PLD)
7: Phospholipases and neurodegenerative disease
8: Alzheimer's disease
9: Parkinson's disease
10: Summary
References
Further reading
Section C: Implication in cardiovascular diseases
Chapter 13: Phospholipase A2 in cardiovascular disease
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Structure of phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2)
3: Genital structure for Lp-PLA2
4: Position of phospholipase A2 in atherosclerosis and CVD
5: Relationship between Lp-PLA2 and statins
6: Pharmacology of inhibitors of phospholipase A2 enzyme
7: Clinical evidence for Lp-PLA2 inhibition
8: Conclusion
References
Chapter 14: Association of phospholipase C and D in cardiovascular risk prediction and progression
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Characteristics of phospholipase C and phospholipase D
3: Phospholipase and cardiac function
4: PLC in CVD risk
5: Cardiac hypertrophy
6: Pharmacological aspects
7: Conclusion
References
Chapter 15: Phospholipase activities in cardiovascular disease and its role as a potential biomarker in heart failure
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Role of inflammatory markers in cardiovascular disease
3: Phospholipases
4: Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) in CVD
5: Secretory phospholipase A2 (SPLA2) in CVD
6: Phospholipase C (PLC) in CVD
7: Phospholipase D (PLD) in CVD
8: Conclusion
References
Chapter 16: Role of phospholipase C and phospholipase D in the development of hypertension
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Structure and regulation of phospholipase C (PLC) isoforms expressed in Vascular smooth muscles (VSM)
3: Structure and regulation of phospholipase D (PLD) isoforms involved in cardiovascular diseases
4: GPCR (G-protein coupled receptor) signaling in hypertension involving phospholipase-C (PLC) and phospholipase-D (PLD)
5: Vascular smooth muscle contraction due to Ca2+ concentration
6: Ca2+ induces Ca2+ release (CICR)
7: Vascular smooth muscle contraction due to protein kinase C (PKC)
8: Arachidonic acid in VSM contraction
9: Regulation of blood pressure by PLD
10: Conclusion
References
Chapter 17: Endocrine regulation of phospholipase as a therapeutic target for cardiovascular diseases
Abstract
Acknowledgment
1: Introduction
2: Functioning of the heart
3: Phospholipids and phospholipases
4: Cell signal transducing mechanism of phospholipase in cardiac myocytes
5: Phospholipase A
6: Phospholipase C
7: Endocrine regulation in GPCR and phospholipases
8: α-Adrenergic receptors (α-ARs)
9: β-Adrenergic receptors (β-ARs)
10: Angiotensin receptors
11: Therapeutic application of phospholipase in CVD
12: U-73122
13: Conclusions
References
Chapter 18: Biochemical mechanism of activation of cPLA2 by ONOO− in pulmonary smooth muscle cells
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Materials
3: Methods
4: Results and discussion
5: Conclusion
References
Section D: Implication in other diseases
Chapter 19: Specific PLC pathway in oocyte activation
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: The sperm factor hypothesis
3: The soluble factor
4: Recombinant PLCζ, male infertility, and assisted oocyte activation
5: Future directions and conclusions
References
Further reading
Chapter 20: Role of phospholipase A2 in the pathophysiology of preeclampsia
Abstract
Acknowledgments
1: Introduction
2: Epidemiology
3: Classification of preeclampsia
4: Preeclampsia is an outcome of poor placentation
5: Phospholipase A2
6: Classification of PLA2
7: Healthy pregnancy and phospholipase A2
8: Role of phospholipase A2 in preeclampsia
9: Phospholipase A2 and cardiovascular system (PE)
10: Overview
11: Significance
References
Chapter 21: Role of phospholipase A2 and glutamate in Alzheimer's disease
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Role of glutamate in Alzheimer's disease
3: Role of phospholipase A2 in Alzheimer's disease
4: Conclusion and future perspectives
References
Chapter 22: Clinical significance of phospholipase A2 in glaucoma
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: PLA2s in normal ocular tissue
3: Role of PLA2s in glaucoma pathology
4: PLA2 as potential pharmacological target in glaucoma management
5: Lysosomal-associated PLA2 (LPLA2) and glaucoma
6: Glaucoma, oxidative stress, and role of PLA2
7: Therapeutic avenues of glaucoma management
8: Conclusions and future direction
References
Chapter 23: Phospholipase A2 as a therapeutic target for treating COVID-19
Abstract
Acknowledgment
Declaration
Conflict of interest
Consent to participate
Consent to publication
Availability of data and materials
Code availability
1: Introduction
2: Types, functions, and mechanism of PLA2
3: Association of PLA2 with COVID-19
4: The PLA2 pathway genes/proteins/lipids could be targeted to inhibit Covid-19 symptoms development
5: Therapeutic aspects of PLA2 inhibitors
6: Conclusion
References
Chapter 24: Phospholipases in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Phospholipases
3: The sPLA2 superfamily of enzymes (nature, characterization, and proinflammatory/antiinflammatory activities)
4: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) inflammation
5: Osteoarthritis (OA) inflammation
References
Chapter 25: Role of phospholipase in liver and kidney fibrosis
Abstract
Acknowledgments
1: Introduction
2: Mechanisms of liver and kidney fibrosis
3: A role for phospholipases in signaling pathways
4: TGF-β signaling in liver fibrosis
5: TGF-β signaling in kidney fibrosis
6: Immunological aspects of kidney fibrosis
7: Immunological aspects of liver fibrosis
8: Conclusion
References
Further reading
Index for Volume 1
Index for Volume 2
Index for Volume 3
Index for Volume 4
Index for Volume 5
Index for Volume 6
Index for Volume 7

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Sajal Chakraborti