Pharmaceutics

Dedication

Preface

Acknowledgments

List of Contributors

Part I: Physical Principles and Properties of Pharmaceutics

Chapter 1. Introduction: Terminology, Basic Mathematical Skills, and Calculations

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Review of Basic Mathematical Skills

1.3 Graphical Representation

1.4 Dimensions and Units

1.5 Conclusions

Case Studies

References

Chapter 2. Physical States and Thermodynamic Principles in Pharmaceutics

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Composition of Matter

2.3 Forces of Attraction and Repulsion

2.4 States of Matter

2.5 Thermodynamics

2.6 Basic Concepts and Definitions

2.7 The First Law of Thermodynamics

2.8 Enthalpy and Heat Capacity

2.9 The Second Law of Thermodynamics

2.10 The Third Law of Thermodynamics

2.11 Free Energy and Thermodynamic Functions

2.12 Chemical Equilibrium

2.13 Open Systems

2.14 Conclusions

Case Studies

Appendix 2.1 Calculus Review

References

Chapter 3. Physical Properties, Their Determination, and Importance in Pharmaceutics

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Surface and Interfacial Tension

3.3 Adsorption

3.4 Solubilization

3.5 Rheology

3.6 Colligative Properties

3.7 Osmolarity and Osmolality

3.8 Solubility and Solutions of Nonelectrolytes

3.9 Spectroscopy

3.10 Conclusions

Case Studies

References

Chapter 4. Equilibrium Processes in Pharmaceutics

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Gastrointestinal Physiology

4.3 Ionization

4.4 Partition Coefficient: Lipophilicity

4.5 Equilibrium Solubility

4.6 The Effect of pH

4.7 Use of Co-solvents

4.8 Drug Dissolution and Dissolution Process

4.9 Factors Influencing the Dissolution Rate

4.10 Passive Diffusi