Orthodontics

Current Principles and Techniques

7th Edition - August 26, 2022
Authors: Lee W. Graber, Katherine W. L. Vig, Greg J. Huang, Pádhraig S. Fleming
Language: English
Hardback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 7 7 8 5 9 - 6
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 7 7 8 6 0 - 2

Comprehensive, cutting-edge content addresses contemporary orthodontic practice! Orthodontics: Current Principles and Techniques, 7th Edition provides an evidence-based approach… Read more

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Comprehensive, cutting-edge content addresses contemporary orthodontic practice! Orthodontics: Current Principles and Techniques, 7th Edition provides an evidence-based approach to orthodontic diagnosis, treatment planning, and clinical techniques, including esthetics, genetics, temporary anchorage devices, aligners, technology-assisted biomechanics, and much more. New to this edition are seven chapters, covering topics like AI, maxillary expansion in adults, Class II correctors, and autotransplantation. Newly authored chapters on orthognathic surgery and the craniofacial team, the periodontal-orthodontic interface, interdisciplinary treatment, and accelerated tooth movement, among others, address current perspectives. The 7th edition comes with access to an enhanced eBook version, which includes videos and additional visuals to show concepts difficult to explain with words alone. Readers can also find additional, online-only chapters and a fully searchable version of the text. Respected editors Lee Graber, Katherine Vig, and Greg Huang are joined by new editor Pádhraig Fleming, along with expert contributors from around the world. This text provides the most current and comprehensive collection of orthodontic knowledge, making it the go-to book for orthodontic residents and practitioners!

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Dedication
Contributors
Preface
1: Orthodontics: From an Idea to a Profession: How the Specialty Has Evolved from 1850 to the Present
Pre-1900 Development of the Orthodontic Specialty
The Professionalization of Orthodontics
Periodicals
The American Board of Orthodontics, Albert Ketcham, and Early Twentieth-Century Appliances
More Early Twentieth-Century Appliances and the Extraction Controversy
The Cephalometer Takes its Place in the Orthodontic Armamentarium
Form-Function Relationship
Functional Appliances to Midcentury
The Golden Age of Orthodontics
Two Controversies: Early Treatment and Occlusion
The Temporomandibular Joint and Orthognathic Surgery
Surgical Adjuncts to Orthodontics
Skeletal Anchorage
Late Twentieth-Century Fixed Appliances
A Brief History of the American Journal of Orthodontics
Formation of the World Federation Of Orthodontists
References
Pre-1900 Development of the Orthodontic Specialty
The Professionalization of Orthodontics
The American Board of Orthodontics, Albert Ketcham, and Early 20th-Century Appliances
More Early Twentieth-Century Appliances and the Extraction Controversy
The Cephalometer Takes its Place in the Orthodontic Armamentarium
Functional Appliances to Midcentury
The Golden Age of Orthodontics
Two Controversies: Early Treatment and Occlusion
The Temporomandibular Joint and Orthognathic Surgery
Surgical Adjuncts to Orthodontics
Skeletal Anchorage
Late Twentieth-Century Fixed Appliances
A Brief History of the American Journal of Orthodontics
Formation of the World Federation of Orthodontists
18: Standard Edgewise: Tweed-Merrifield Philosophy, Diagnosis, Treatment Planning, and Force Systems
Acknowledgment
Historical Perspective
The Angle System
The Edgewise Appliance
Charles H. Tweed
Levern Merrifield
Dimensions of the Dentition
Differential Diagnosis
Tweed-Merrifield Edgewise Appliance
Treatment with the Tweed-Merrifield Edgewise Appliance
Steps of Treatment
Summary
References
35: Aerosols in Orthodontics
What is an aerosol?
What happens to aerosol particles and droplets once generated?
What are orthodontic aerosols?
When do aerosols pose a health risk?
How can we mitigate against orthodontic aerosols?
Summary
References
38: Interceptive Guidance of Occlusion with Emphasis on Diagnosis
Diagnostic records
Diagnosis
Treatment
Class I treatment
Premolars
Key measurements for diagnosis and case evaluation
References
Additional Readings
39: Functional Appliances
Origin
Andresen activator
Bite-opening controversy
Mechanisms of class ii correction with functional orthopedics
Construction bite
Summary
References
40: Treatment of the Face with Biocompatible Orthodontics
Acknowledgment
The damon system concept
Early observations of damon system treatment
Contemporary orthodontic philosophies
Force management
Computed tomographic scans demonstrate healthy bone structure after treatment with the low-force damon tube system
Case presentations and clinical analyses
Damon system essentials
Summary
References
Part A: Foundations of Orthodontics
1: The History of Orthodontics… From an Idea to a Profession
Pre-1900 development of the orthodontic specialty
The professionalization of orthodontics
The American Board of Orthodontics, Albert Ketcham, and early 20th-century appliances
More early 20th-century appliances and the extraction controversy
The cephalometer takes its place in the orthodontic armamentarium
Functional appliances to midcentury
The golden age of orthodontics
Two controversies: early treatment and occlusion
The temporomandibular joint and orthognathic surgery
Surgical adjuncts to orthodontics
Skeletal anchorage
Late 20th-century
2: Craniofacial Growth and Development: Developing a Perspective
Somatic Growth
Craniofacial Complex
Molecular Basis of Craniofacial Development and Growth
Cranial Vault
Cranial Base
Midface/Nasomaxillary Complex
Mandible
Arch Development, Tooth Migration, and Eruption
Adult Changes in Craniofacial Form
Postnatal Interrelationships During Craniofacial Growth
Significance of Understanding Craniofacial Growth for Orthodontics
References
3: Genetics and Orthodontics
Etiology
Background and basic definitions
Types of genetic effects and modes of inheritance
Nature versus nurture
Normal facial growth
Tooth size and agenesis
Dental eruption problems
Environmental and genetic influences on bilateral symmetry
Genetic factors and external apical root resorption
Short root anomaly
Personalized-precision orthodontics
Summary
References
4: The Biological Basis for Orthodontics
Introduction
Tooth-supporting tissues
Biology of orthodontic tooth movement through bone
Fundamental studies reveal tissue-level bone changes leading to tooth movement
Bone cell modeling activity enables tooth movement through bone
Mechanical orthodontic forces stimulate biochemical cell signals
Local biological mediators of orthodontic tooth movement
Neuropeptides and orthodontic tooth movement
RANK/RANKL/OPG system for control of osteoclastogenesis and tooth movement
Biological control of osteogenesis involved in orthodontic tooth movement
Physical methods aimed at stimulating the biology of orthodontic tooth movement
Future directions
References
5: Bone Physiology, Metabolism, and Biomechanics in Orthodontic Practice
Acknowledgments
Osteology
Bone physiology
Skeletal adaptation: remodeling and modeling
Cortical bone growth and maturation
Bone metabolism
Biomechanics
Sutures
Orthodontic tooth movement
Current status of miniscrew implants
Animal models for studying bone adaptation, remodeling, and modeling
Expedited tooth movement
Summary
References
6: Application of Bioengineering to Clinical Orthodontics
Acknowledgment
Sign conventions
Biomechanics of tooth movement
The orthodontic appliance
Summary
References
7: Clinically Relevant Aspects of Dental Materials Science in Orthodontics
Acknowledgments
Impact of appliance properties on mechanics
Archwires
Photocuring and adhesives
Materials for fixed retainers
Materials used in aligner treatment
Summary
References
8: The Role of Evidence in Orthodontics
Introduction
The best scientific evidence
Applying evidence-based orthodontics in clinical practice
Integrating clinical expertise, the best evidence, and patient preferences/values
The future of evidence-based orthodontics
References
9: Applications of Artificial Intelligence and Big Data Analytics in Orthodontics
Introduction
Applications of artificial intelligence in orthodontics
Artificial intelligences and genomics
Conclusion
References
Part B: Diagnosis and Treatment Planning
10: The Decision-Making Process in Orthodontics
Background Concepts
Patient evaluation: the diagnostic process in orthodontics
Treatment planning: the problem-oriented approach
References
11: Psychological Aspects of Diagnosis and Treatment
Patient perceptions
Patients with psychological disorders
Patients having orthognathic surgery
Patients with craniofacial deformities
Summary
References
12: Orthodontic Diagnosis and Treatment Planning with Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Imaging
Introduction
Strategies for assessment of radiation dose risk
Clinical indications for the use of cone-beam computed tomography in orthodontics
Image analyses and the use of three-dimensional surface models and superimpositions
Treatment planning with computer-assisted surgery
Final considerations
References
13: Upper Airway, Cranial Morphology, and Sleep Apnea
Acknowledgment
Introduction
Airway complications have far-reaching effects
Anatomy and growth
Airway measurements and imaging
Influence of orthodontic treatment on the airway
Sleep-disordered breathing: airway disorders and management
Importance of a multidisciplinary approach
Summary and conclusions
References
14: Orthodontic Therapy and the Patient with Temporomandibular Disorders
Introduction
The Concept of Orthopedic Stability
Finding the Musculoskeletal Stable Position
Evaluating the Patient for Temporomandibular Disorders
Developing the Orthodontic/Temporomandibular Disorder Treatment Plan
Managing Temporomandibular Disorder Symptoms that Arise During Orthodontic Therapy
Summary
References
15: The Orthodontist’s Role and Collaboration in a Cleft Palate–Craniofacial Team
The Team Approach
Orthodontic Treatment and Team Collaboration
Current Issues in the Access of Orthodontic Care
References
Part C: Orthodontic Treatment
16: Principles of Treatment: Balancing Outcome and Efficiency
Introduction
Balancing risk and benefit
Orthodontic planning and esthetics
Orthodontic planning and dental health
Treatment process, experience, and outcome
Treatment duration and experience: association with outcome
Optimizing efficiency: treatment planning and mechanics
Fixed appliance attachments
Nonsurgical and surgical adjunctive procedures
“Short-term” orthodontics
Treatment principles: planning for stability
Conclusion
References
17: Optimizing Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics
Acknowledgments
PART A: Patient Management and Motivation for the Child and Adolescent Patient
PART B: Treatment Timing and Mixed Dentition Therapy
References
18: Standard Edgewise: Tweed-Merrifield Philosophy, Diagnosis, Treatment Planning, and Force Systems
19: Contemporary Straight Wire Biomechanics
Straight wire appliance design and values
Straight wire appliance and self-ligation
Future directions
Summary
References
20: Self-Ligating Bracket Biomechanics
The Historical Context of Self-Ligation
Factors that Hindered the Adoption of Self-Ligation
Proposed Core Advantages of Self-Ligating Brackets
Active Clips and Passive Slides
Self-Ligation and Treatment Efficiency
Self-Ligation and Patient Comfort
Self-Ligation and Effectiveness of Torque Control
Self-Ligation and The Periodontium
Self-Ligation and Root Resorption
Force Levels with Self-Ligation and Conventional Ligation
Does Self-Ligation Reduce the Need for Extractions?
Practical Considerations and Clinical Technique Tips
Summary
References
21: Lingual Appliance Treatment
Introduction
Customized Treatment Goals and Lingual Appliances
Main Differences Between Labial and Lingual Techniques
Summary
References
22: Clear Aligner Treatment
Introduction
Materials
Attachment design and other features
Software
Biomechanics of clear aligner treatment
Clinical application
References
23: New Frontiers in Fixed Class II Correctors
Introduction
Two-phase treatment with fixed class II correctors
Interarch appliances
Intraarch appliances
Temporary anchorage devices anchored or bone-borne noncompliance appliances for molar distalization
Conclusion
References
24: Temporary Anchorage Devices
Acknowledgment
PART A: Biomechanical considerations with temporary anchorage devices
PART B: The use of palatal mini-implant anchorage: conventional APPROACHES versus computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing workflows
PART C: Extraalveolar Bone Screw Anchorage Applied To Challenging Malocclusions
PART D: Orthopedic changes with bone-anchored miniplates and functional jaw orthopedics: biological basis and practice
References
Biomechanical Considerations with Temporary Anchorage Devices
The Use of Palatal Mini-implant Anchorage: Conventional Approaches Versus Computer-Aided Design and Computer-Aided Manufacturing Workflows
Extraalveolar Bone Screw Anchorage Applied to Challenging Malocclusions
Orthopedic Changes with Bone-Anchored Miniplates and Functional Jaw Orthopedics: Biological Basis and Practice
25: Maxillary Expansion in Adults
Traditional Tooth-Borne Expansion Appliances
Surgically Assisted Rapid Maxillary Expansion
Evolution of Bone-Borne Expansion Appliance
Maxillary Skeletal Expander
Fundamental Concept of Adult Expansion with Maxillary Skeletal Expander
Future Consideration
Maxillary Skeletal Expander (MSE) Versus SURGERY AND MICROIMPLANT–Assisted Rapid Palatal Expansion (SMARPE) Versus Surgically Assisted Rapid Palatal Expansion (SARPE)
The Microimplant-Assisted Rapid Palatal Expander and Orthodontics
References
26: Orthodontic–Periodontal Interface
Prevalence of Periodontal Disease and Conditions
Pathologic Tooth Migration Related to Periodontal Disease
Gingival Recession
Gingival Recession and Planning of Orthodontic Treatment
Treatment of Gingival Recession in Orthodontic Patients
Increasing Gingival Thickness in Relation to Orthodontic Tooth Movement
Indications for The Treatment of Gingival Recession in Orthodontically Treated Patients
Timing of Soft Tissue Augmentation in Relation to Orthodontic Treatment
Surgical Treatment of Gingival Recession in Orthodontic Patients
Development of Gingival Recession in the Long-Term Following Orthodontic Treatment
Orthodontic Fixed Retainers and Periodontal Health
Conclusions
References
27: Orthodontic Aspects of Orthognathic Surgery
Acknowledgment
Background
Objectives
Effectiveness
Treatment need
The patient pathway
Patient evaluation
Systematic clinical evaluation
Treatment planning principles
The orthodontist’s role in orthognathic surgery
Soft tissue effects
Stability
Considerations in specific situations
Complications
Conclusion
References
Further reading
28: Adult Interdisciplinary Therapy: Diagnosis and Treatment
Acknowledgments
Current Status of Adult Interdisciplinary Therapy
Goals of Adult Interdisciplinary Therapy
Diagnosis of Adult Orthodontic Conditions
Clinical Management of The Interdisciplinary Adult Therapy Patient
Sequence of Adult Interdisciplinary Therapy
Dentoalveolar Collapse: Orthodontic and Restorative Considerations in The Adult Interdisciplinary Patient
Stability and Individualized Retention for The Adult Interdisciplinary Patient
Risk Management for The Adult Interdisciplinary Therapy Patient
Summary
References
Part D: Specialized Treatment Considerations
29: Bonding in Orthodontics
Introduction and Historical Perspective
Materials and Devices Used in Orthodontic Bonding
BONDING
Debonding
Prevention and Reversal of Decalcification
Bonded Retainers
Other Applications of Bonding
Conclusion
References
30: Management of Impactions
Teeth normally erupt! (cause)
Is there an impaction? (diagnosis)
Which teeth are the most likely to be affected? (prevalence)
Where is the tooth? (positional diagnosis)
Assessment of the overall malocclusion (treatment planning)
Resolving the impaction
Rationale for surgical exposure
Surgical options: two approaches
Attachments
Traction mechanisms, their range, and their directional potential
Finishing and the importance of torque correction
Impacted canines that resorb the incisors
Failure—patient-dependent factors
Failure—orthodontist-dependent factors
Failure—surgeon-dependent factors
References
31: Management of Dental Luxation and Avulsion Injuries in the Permanent Dentition
Tissue response to trauma
Root resorption
Pulpal response
Alveolar fracture
Management of trauma and immediate sequelae
Treatment of avulsed permanent teeth with closed apex
Treatment of avulsed permanent teeth with open apex
Prevention
References
32: Autotransplantation of Developing Teeth
Autotransplantation of developing premolars
Transalveolar transplantation
Autotransplantation of developing third molars
Conclusions
References
33: Iatrogenic Effects of Orthodontic Appliances
PART A: Prevention and management of demineralized lesions
Treatment of demineralized lesions
PART B: External apical root resorption
Management
Common questions
References
Prevention and Management of Demineralized White Lesions
External Apical Root Resorption
Further readingS
34: Minimally Invasive and Noninvasive Approaches to Accelerate Tooth Movement
Patient and parent perspective on orthodontic treatment duration
Avenues to reduce duration of orthodontic treatment
Objective outcome measures in tooth movement acceleration
Approaches to accelerate the rate of tooth movement
Invasive methods
Minimally invasive methods Orthodontic Tooth Movement
Noninvasive methods
Drugs, hormones, and biologics
Conclusion
References
35: Aerosols in Orthodontics
36: Computer-Assisted Orthodontics: Integrating Computer-Aided Design and Computer-Aided Manufacturing Technology with Diagnosis, Treatment Planning, and Therapeutics
Acknowledgments
Evolution of diagnostic media technologies into therapeutics
Early treatment simulation technologies
Evolution of digital orthodontic therapeutics
The suresmile fixed appliance process: collaboration of the practice and digital lab
Additional therapies supported on the suresmile platform
Summary
References
Part E: Orthodontic Retention and Posttreatment Changes
37: Stability, Posttreatment Changes, and Retention
Historical Background
Posttreatment Changes
Retention Devices
Adjunctive Techniques for Reducing Posttreatment Changes
Novel Approaches for Improving Stability
Responsibilities and Retention
Summary
References
Part F: Classic Chapters
38: Interceptive Guidance of Occlusion
39: Functional Appliances
References
40: Treatment of the Face with Biocompatible Orthodontics
Index

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Institutional subscription on ScienceDirect

Resources

Lee W. Graber

Katherine W. L. Vig

Greg J. Huang

Pádhraig S. Fleming