
Orban's Oral Histology & Embryology
Description
Key Features
New to this Edition
- All chapters have been extensively revised and updated
- Incorporates Summary and Review Questions at the end of each chapter for the benefit of the students
- All line illustrations have been modified and poor photographs have been replaced with improved ones for better understanding of the subject
- New chapter on Lymphoid Tissue and Lymphatics in Orofacial Region
- Preparation of Specimens for Histologic Study upgraded as a chapter
Salient Features
- Incorporates all relevant changes especially in the field of molecular biology
- Discusses molecular biological aspects of oral tissues
- Emphasizes clinical relevance of oral histological aspects
Table of Contents
-
1. An Overview of Oral Tissues 1
2. Development of Face and Oral Cavity 5
Origin of Facial Tissues 5
Development of Facial Prominences 9
Development of the frontonasal region:
olfactory placode, primary palate, and nose 9
Development of maxillary prominences
and secondary palate 10
Development of visceral arches and tongue 11
Final Differentiation of Facial Tissues 13
Clinical Considerations 15
Facial clefts 15
Hemifacial microsomia 18
Treacher Collins’ syndrome 18
Labial pits 19
Lingual anomalies 19
Developmental cysts 19
Summary 21
3. Development and Growth of Teeth 24
Dental Lamina 25
Fate of dental lamina 25
Vestibular lamina 26
Tooth Development 26
Developmental Stages 27
Bud stage 27
Cap stage 28
Outer and inner enamel epithelium 28
Stellate reticulum 29
Dental papilla 30
Dental sac (dental follicle) 30
Bell stage 31
Inner enamel epithelium 32
Stratum intermedium 32
Stellate reticulum 33
Outer enamel epithelium 33
Dental lamina 33
Dental papilla 33
Dental sac 35
Advanced bell stage 35
Hertwig’s epithelial root sheath and
root formation 35
Histophysiology 37
Initiation 37
Proliferation 38
Histodifferentiation 38
Morphodifferentiation 38
Apposition 38
Molecular Insights in Tooth Morphogenesis 38
Tooth initiation potential 39
Establishment of oral–aboral axis 40
Control of tooth germ position 41
Functional redundancy and their complexities 41
Patterning of dentition 42
Regulation of ectodermal boundaries 43
Stomodeal thickening stage—Dental
lamina stage (E11.5–E12.5) 44
Bud stage (E12.5–E13.5) 44
Bud stage–Cap stage (E13.5–E14.5) 44
Enamel knot–Signaling center for tooth
morphogenesis 45
Clinical Considerations 46
Summary 46
4. Enamel 50
Histology 50
Physical characteristics 50
Chemical properties 51
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Structure 53
Rods 53
Ultrastructure 53
Striations 54
Direction of rods 54
Hunter–Schreger bands 57
Incremental lines of Retzius 57
Surface structures 58
Enamel cuticle 60
Enamel lamellae 61
Enamel tufts 62
Dentinoenamel junction 64
Odontoblast processes and enamel spindles 65
Age changes 65
Clinical Considerations 66
Development 68
Epithelial enamel organ 68
Outer enamel epithelium 69
Stellate reticulum 69
Stratum intermedium 71
Inner enamel epithelium 71
Cervical loop 71
Life cycle of the ameloblasts 72
Morphogenic stage 72
Organizing stage 74
Formative stage 74
Maturative stage 75
Protective stage 75
Desmolytic stage 75
Amelogenesis 76
Formation of the enamel matrix 76
Development of Tomes’ processes 77
Ameloblasts covering maturing enamel 81
Mineralization and maturation of the
enamel matrix 82
Clinical Considerations 86
Summary 87
5. Dentin 93
Physical and Chemical Properties 93
Structure 94
Dentinal tubules 94
Peritubular dentin 95
Intertubular dentin 96
Predentin 96
Odontoblast process 97
Primary Dentin 98
Secondary Dentin 100
Tertiary Dentin 100
Incremental Lines 100
Interglobular Dentin 101
Granular Layer 103
Innervation of Dentin 104
Intratubular nerves 104
Theories of pain transmission through dentin 104
Permeability of Dentin 106
Age and Functional Changes 106
Vitality of dentin 106
Reparative dentin 107
Dead tracts 108
Sclerotic or transparent dentin 108
Development 110
Dentinogenesis 110
Mineralization 112
Clinical Considerations 115
Summary 117
6. Pulp 120
Anatomy 120
General features 120
Coronal pulp 120
Radicular pulp 121
Apical foramen 121
Accessory canals 122
Structural Features 122
Intercellular substance 122
Fibroblasts 124
Fibers 124
Undifferentiated mesenchymal cells 125
Odontoblasts 125
Defense cells 127
Pulpal stem cells 130
Blood vessels 130
Lymph vessels 135
Nerves 135
Nerve endings 135
Molecular events following pulp injury
and repair 138
Functions 139
Inductive 139
Formative 139
Nutritive 139
Protective 139
Defensive or reparative 139
Differences in Primary and Permanent
Pulp Tissues 139
Primary pulp 139
Permanent pulp 140
Regressive Changes (Aging) 140
Cell changes 140
Fibrosis 140
Vascular changes 141
Pulp stones (denticles) 141
Diffuse calcifications 142
Development 142
Clinical Considerations 143
Summary 148
7. Cementum 151
Physical Characteristics 151
Chemical Composition 151
Cementogenesis 152
Cementoblasts 152
xvii
Cementoid tissue 155
Structure 156
Acellular extrinsic fiber cementum 156
Cellular cementum 157
Cellular intrinsic fiber cementum (CIFC) 157
Cellular mixed fiber cementum (CMFC) 157
Cellular mixed stratified cementum (CMSC) 157
Differences between cementocytes and
osteocytes 158
Differences between AEFC and cellular
intrinsic fiber cementum (CIFC) 159
Cementodentinal Junction 160
Cementoenamel Junction 162
Functions 163
Anchorage 163
Adaptation 163
Repair 163
Hypercementosis 164
Clinical Considerations 166
Summary 168
8. Periodontal Ligament 172
Development 173
Development of the principal fibers 174
Development of cells 174
Periodontal ligament collagen fiber
attachment to the root surface 175
Periodontal Ligament Homeostasis 175
Cell Biology of Normal Periodontium 176
Cells 178
Synthetic cells 178
Osteoblasts 178
Fibroblast 180
Fibroblast-matrix adhesion and traction 180
Functions 181
Differences between periodontal ligament
fibroblasts and gingival fibroblasts 181
Cementoblasts 182
Resorptive cells 182
Osteoclasts 182
Fibroblasts 182
Intracellular degradation 183
Cementoclasts 183
Progenitor cells 184
Origin of the periodontal stem cells 184
Relationship between cells 185
Epithelial rests of Malassez 186
Defense cells 186
Mast cells 186
Macrophages 187
Eosinophils 188
Extracellular Substance 188
Fibers 189
Collagen 189
Sharpey’s fibers 190
Intermediate plexus 191
Elastic fibers 191
Reticular fibers 193
Secondary fibers 193
Indifferent fiber plexus 193
Ground substance 193
Interstitial tissue 193
Structures Present in Connective Tissue 193
Blood vessels 194
Lymphatic drainage 195
Nerves 195
Cementicles 196
Functions 196
Supportive 196
Sensory 197
Nutritive 198
Homeostatic 198
Eruptive 198
Physical 198
Age Changes in Periodontal Ligament 199
Unique Features of Periodontal Ligament 199
Clinical Considerations 200
Summary 201
9. Bone 205
Classification of Bones 205
Composition of Bone 206
Bone Histology 209
Bone Cells 211
Osteoblasts 211
Osteocytes 213
Osteoclasts 215
Bone Formation 216
Intramembranous ossification 216
Differences between immature bone and
mature bone 217
Intracartilaginous bone formation 217
Bone Resorption 220
Bone Remodeling 222
Alveolar Bone 224
Development of Alveolar Process 224
Structure of the Alveolar Bone 225
Internal Reconstruction of Alveolar Bone 229
Age Changes 231
Clinical Considerations 231
Therapeutic Considerations 233
Summary 234
10. Oral Mucous Membrane 238
Classification of Oral Mucosa 239
Functions of Oral Mucosa 239
Defense 239
Lubrication 239
Sensory 239
Protection 239
Definitions and General Considerations 239
Comparison of oral mucosa with skin and
intestinal mucosa 239
Basement membrane 242
Lamina propria 242
Submucosa 243
Structure of the Oral Epithelium 244
Cytokeratins 244
Keratinized epithelium 245
Stratum basale 246
Stratum spinosum 248
Stratum granulosum 249
Stratum corneum 252
Keratinocytes and nonkeratinocytes 253
Keratinocytes 253
Nonkeratinocytes 253
Melanocytes 253
Langerhans cell 254
Merkel cells 254
Nonkeratinized epithelium 254
Subdivisions of Oral Mucosa 255
Keratinized areas 255
Masticatory mucosa (gingiva and
hard palate) 255
Hard palate 255
Gingiva 259
Blood and nerve supply 263
Vermilion zone 264
Nonkeratinized areas 265
Lining mucosa 265
Lip and cheek 265
Vestibular fornix and alveolar mucosa 266
Inferior surface of tongue and floor of
oral cavity 266
Soft palate 267
Specialized mucosa 267
Dorsal lingual mucosa 267
Taste buds 270
Gingival Sulcus and Dentogingival Junction 271
Gingival sulcus 271
Dentogingival junction 271
Development of dentogingival junction 272
Shift of dentogingival junction 274
Sulcus and cuticles 277
Epithelial attachment 277
Migration of epithelial attachment 278
Development of Oral Mucosa 281
Age Changes in Oral Mucosa 281
Clinical Considerations 282
Summary 284
11. Salivary Glands 291
Structure of Terminal Secretory Units 292
Serous cells 293
Mucous cells 294
Myoepithelial cells 296
Ducts 297
Intercalated ducts 297
Striated ducts 298
Excretory ducts 300
Connective tissue elements 300
Blood supply 302
Nerve supply and pattern of innervation 302
Classification and Structure of Human
Salivary Glands 303
Major salivary glands 303
Parotid gland 303
Submandibular gland 303
Sublingual gland 304
Minor salivary glands 304
Labial and buccal glands 305
Glossopalatine glands 305
Palatine glands 305
Lingual glands 306
Von Ebner’s glands 306
Development and Growth 306
Control of Secretion 307
Composition of Saliva 308
Functions of Saliva 309
Protection of the oral cavity and
oral environment 309
Digestion 310
Mastication and deglutition 310
Taste perception 310
Speech 310
Tissue repair 310
Excretion 311
Clinical Considerations 311
Summary 312
12. Lymphoid Tissue and Lymphatics in
Orofacial Region 317
Introduction to Lymphatic System 317
Types of Lymphoid Tissues 317
Development of Lymph Nodes and Lymphatics 318
Functions of the Lymphatic System 318
Lymph Nodes 318
Anatomy 319
Microscopic structure 319
Cortical (follicle) area 320
Paracortex (paracortical area) 321
Medullary area 322
Immunohistochemistry 323
Lymph sinuses 323
Reticular network 323
Lymphatic Vessels and Capillaries 324
Blood Vessels of Lymph Nodes 325
Clinical Significance of Lymph Nodes 325
Lymph 325
Rate of lymph flow 326
Tonsils 326
Lingual tonsils 326
Palatine tonsils 326
Pharyngeal tonsils 327
Development of tonsils 327
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Brief Contents xix
Functions 327
Clinical significance of tonsils 327
Lymphatic Drainage of Head and Neck 327
Summary 329
13. Tooth Eruption 332
Pattern of Tooth Movement 332
Pre-eruptive tooth movement 332
Eruptive tooth movement 334
Posteruptive tooth movement 335
Animal experimental studies in eruption 335
Histology of Tooth Movement 335
Pre-eruptive phase 335
Eruptive phase 335
Posteruptive phase 338
Mechanism of Tooth Movement
(Theories of Tooth Eruption) 339
Bone remodeling theory 339
Root formation theory 339
Vascular pressure theory 339
Periodontal ligament traction theory 340
Posteruptive tooth movement 340
Cellular and molecular events in eruption 341
Clinical Considerations 344
Summary 345
14. Shedding of Deciduous Teeth 348
Definition 348
Pattern of Shedding 348
Histology of Shedding 351
Mechanism of Resorption and Shedding 355
Clinical Considerations 356
Remnants of deciduous teeth 356
Retained deciduous teeth 356
Submerged deciduous teeth 357
Summary 358
15. Temporomandibular Joint 359
Gross Anatomy 359
Development of the Joint 361
Histology 362
Bony structures 362
Articular fibrous covering 363
Articular disk 364
Synovial membrane 365
Clinical Considerations 365
Summary 367
16. Maxillary Sinus 369
Definition 369
Developmental Aspects 369
Developmental Anomalies 369
Structure and Variations 370
Microscopic Features 372
Functional Importance 375
Clinical Considerations 376
Summary 378
17. Histochemistry of Oral Tissues 380
Overview of Histochemical Techniques 381
Structure and Chemical Composition of
Oral Tissues 382
Connective tissue 382
Ground substance 383
Proteoglycans 383
Cells and fibers 386
Fibroblasts 386
Epithelial tissues and derivatives 386
Enzymes 386
Histochemical Techniques 387
Fixation procedures 387
Specific histochemical methods 388
Glycogen, glycoproteins, and proteoglycans 388
Proteins and lipids 389
Enzymes 389
Phosphatases 389
Immunohistochemistry 390
Histochemistry of Oral Hard Tissues 390
Carbohydrates and protein 390
Lipids 392
Enzyme histochemistry of hard tissue 393
Alkaline phosphatase 393
Adenosine triphosphatase 394
Acid phosphatase 394
Esterase 395
Aminopeptidase 396
Cytochrome oxidase 396
Succinate dehydrogenase 397
Citric acid cycle in osteoblasts and
osteoclasts 397
Calcium-binding sites in enamel organ 397
Summary 397
Histochemistry of Oral Soft Tissues 397
Polysaccharides, proteins, and mucins 397
Polysaccharides 397
Proteins and protein groups 398
Lipids 398
Mucins 398
Enzyme histochemistry 399
Alkaline phosphatase 399
Acid phosphatase 399
Esterase 399
Aminopeptidase 399
β-Glucuronidase 399
Cytochrome oxidase 400
Succinate dehydrogenase and glucose
6-phosphate dehydrogenase 401
Enzyme histochemical detection of
lymphatic capillaries 401
Angiogenic factor in inflamed gingiva 402
Laminin-5 402
Clinical Considerations 402
Summary 403
18. Preparation of Specimens for Histologic Study 410
Preparation of Sections of Paraffin-Embedded
Specimens 411
Infiltration of the specimen with paraffin 411
Preparation of Sections of Parlodion-Embedded
Specimens 413
Preparation of Ground Sections of Teeth or Bone 414
Preparation of Frozen Sections 415
Types of Microscopy 415
Summary 415
Index 417
Product details
- No. of pages: 448
- Language: English
- Copyright: © Elsevier India 2011
- Published: May 20, 2011
- Imprint: Elsevier India
- eBook ISBN: 9788131238011
About the Author
G. S. Kumar
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