Offshore Pipelines

The development of oil and gas fields offshore requires specialized pipeline equipment. The structures must be strong enough to with stand the harshest environments, and ensure that production is not interrupted and remains economically feasible. However, recent events in the Gulf of Mexico have placed a new importance on maintenance and reliability. A new section; Condition Based Maintenance (CBM), introduces the subject of maintenance, written by Tian Ran Lin, Queensland University of Technology, and Yong Sun, CSIRO Earth Science and Resource Engineering.

Two of the main objectives of CBM is maximizing reliability while preventing major or minor equipment malfunction and minimizing maintenance costs. In this new section, the authors deal with the multi-objective condition based maintenance optimization problem. CBM provides two major advantages: (1) an efficient approach for weighting maintenance objectives, and (2) a method for specifying physical methods for achieving those objectives. Maintenance cost and reliability objectives are calculated based on proportional hazards model and a control limit CBM replacement policy.

Written primarily for engineers and management personnel working on offshore and deepwater oil and gas pipelines, this book covers the fundamentals needed to design, Install, and commission pipeline projects. This new section along with a thorough update of the existing chapters represents a 30% increase in information over the previous edition.

• Covers offshore maintenance and maintenance support system
• Provides the fundamentals needed to design, Install, and commission pipeline project
• Methods and tools to deliver cost effective maintenance cost and system reliability
• New section on Condition-Based Maintenance written by Tian Ran Lin, Queensland University of Technology, and Yong Sun, CSIRO Earth Science and Resource Engineering (yong.sun@csiro.au)

Pipeline Design Engineers, Pipeline Operation Engineers

Preface

Chapter 1. Introduction

1.1 Overview

1.2 Pipeline Design

1.3 Pipeline Installation

1.4 Pipeline Operations

References

Part I: Pipeline Design

Part I. Pipeline Design

Chapter 2. General Design Information

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Design Data

References

Chapter 3. Diameter and Wall Thickness

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Design Procedure

3.3 Design Codes

References

Chapter 4. Hydrodynamic Stability of Pipelines

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Analysis Procedure

4.3 Methodology

4.4 Partially Buried Pipelines

References

Further Reading

Chapter 5. Pipeline Span

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Problem Description

5.3 Design Considerations

5.4 Design Criteria

5.5 Fatigue Analysis Guideline

References

Further Reading

Chapter 6. Operating Stresses

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Operating Forces

6.3 Stress-Analysis-Based Design

References

Chapter 7. Pipeline Riser Design

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Design Procedure

7.3 Load Cases

7.4 Wall Thickness

7.5 Allowable Stress Criteria

7.6 Dynamic and Fatigue Analysis

7.7 Corrosion Control Consideration

7.8 Riser Bends

7.9 Riser Clamps

Chapter 8. Pipeline External Corrosion Protection

8.1 Introduction

8.2 External Pipe Coatings

8.3 Cathodic Protection

Further Reading

Chapter 9. Pipeline Insulation

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Insulation Materials

9.3 PIP Insulation

9.4 General Requirements

9.5 Heat Transfer Analysis—An Example

References

Further Reading

Chapter 10. Introduction to Flexible Pipelines

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Flexible Pipe Manufacturers

10.3 Basics of Flexible Riser Analysis and Design

Further Reading

Part II: Pipeline Installation

Part II. Pipeline Installation

Chapter 11. Pipeline Installation Methods

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Lay Methods

11.3 Tow Methods

Further Reading

Chapter 12. Installation Bending Stress Control

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Lay Stresses

References

Further Reading

Chapter 13. Pipeline On-Bottom Stability Control

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Hydrodynamic Parameters

13.3 Soil Parameters

13.4 Stability Analysis Guidelines

13.5 Trenching/Jetting

References

Further Reading

Part III: Pipeline Commissioning and Operations

Part III. Pipeline Commissioning and Operations

Chapter 14. Pipeline Testing and Precommissioning

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Pipeline Precommissioning

References

Further Reading

Chapter 15. Flow Assurance

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Fluid Sampling and Characterizations

15.3 Impacts of Produced Water on Flow Assurance

15.4 Gas Hydrates

15.5 Wax Depositions

15.6 Asphaltene Depositions

15.7 Inorganic Precipitates—Scales

15.8 Corrosion

15.9 Severe Slugging

References

Further Reading

Chapter 16. Pigging Operations

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Pigging System

16.3 Selection of Pigs

16.4 Major Applications

16.5 Pigging Procedure

Reference

Further Reading

Part IV: Condition-Based Maintenance

Chapter 17. An Introduction to Condition-Based Maintenance

17.1 Introduction

17.2 Condition Monitoring

17.3 Condition-Based Asset Health Prediction Models and Methods

17.4 CBM Decision Making

References

Chapter 18. Pipeline Vibration and Condition Based Maintenance

18.1 Introduction

18.2 Pipeline Vibration

18.3 Condition Based Maintenance

References

Appendix A. Gas–Liquid Multiphase Flow in Pipeline

A.1 Introduction

A.2 Multiphase Flow Concepts

A.3 Flow Regime Classifications

A.4 Horizontal Gas–Liquid Flow Regime Maps

A.5 Flow Regime Transitions in Horizontal Gas–Liquid Flow

A.6 Modeling of Multiphase Flow in Horizontal Pipeline

Appendix B. Steady and Transient Solutions for Pipeline Temperature

B.1 Assumptions

B.2 Governing Equation

B.3 Solutions

Appendix C. Strength De-Rating of Old Pipelines

C.1 Introduction

C.2 Classification of Cavities

C.3 Analytical SCF Model for Medium Cavity

C.4 Analytical SCF Model for Shallow Cavity

C.5 Analytical SCF Model for Deep Cavity

C.6 Illustrative Example

References

Index