Occupational Neurotoxicology

1st Edition, Volume 7 - July 15, 2022
Editors: Michael Aschner, Lucio G. Costa, Roberto G. Lucchini
Language: English
Hardback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 1 9 1 7 6 - 7
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 1 9 1 7 7 - 4

Occupational Neurotoxicology, Volume Seven covers neurotoxicants and exposures to a variety of hazards in the workplace and how they can affect nervous functions in differ… Read more

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Occupational Neurotoxicology, Volume Seven covers neurotoxicants and exposures to a variety of hazards in the workplace and how they can affect nervous functions in different ways. Metals and organic compounds, both at high level acute exposure and long-term low-level exposure can affect motor functions, cognition, behavior and neurosensory functions. Sections cover Oil leakage in aircraft, aerotoxic syndrome, Organic solvents, WTC neurotoxicities, Environmental intolerance, Pesticides, Carbon monoxide, Mercury Neurotoxicity in Gold Miners, and the Current evolution of neurobehavioral methods.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Contributors
Preface
References
Chapter One: Current evolution of neurobehavioral methods
Abstract
1: A brief historical perspective on neurobehavioral evaluation in neurotoxicology assessment
2: Contemporary computerized testing
3: Assessment of cognitive function
4: Assessment of mood, mental state
5: Assessment of neuromotor function
6: Sensitivity and reliability issues in neurobehavioral assessment
7: Training of neurobehavioral ascertainers
8: Future directions
References
Chapter Two: Cognitive impact of exposure to airborne particles captured by brain imaging
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Case study 1: Cognitive decline among the World Trade Center responders
3: Case study 2: Cognitive impact of occupational exposure to manganese
4: Conclusions
References
Chapter Three: Clinical evaluation and differential diagnosis of neurotoxic disease
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Neurotoxicology patient intake questionnaire and interview
3: The neurological examination
4: Evaluation of cranial nerve functions for neurotoxicity
5: Evaluation of motor system function for neurotoxicity
6: Evaluation of sensory nervous system function for neurotoxicity
7: Evaluation of reflexes for neurotoxicity
8: Evaluation of cognitive functions for neurotoxicity
9: Neuroimaging findings associated with neurotoxicity
10: Neurophysiological diagnosis
11: Biological markers of exposure
12: Biologic markers of effect
13: Biomarkers of susceptibility
14: Interpretation of biologic marker data
15: Time-exposure-symptoms-line
16: Conclusions
References
Chapter Four: Aerotoxic syndrome: A new occupational disease caused by contaminated cabin air?
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Incidence of fume events
3: Bleed air contaminants
4: T(O)CP and other organophosphates
5: Mechanisms of long-term, low-dose organophosphate neurotoxicity
6: Solvents
7: OZONE
8: Flame retardants
9: Carbon monoxide
10: Insecticides
11: Nanoparticles
12: Symptoms of aerotoxic syndrome (see Tables 4A, 4B, and 4C)
13: Evidence of central nervous system injury
14: Involvement of the peripheral nervous system
15: Respiratory symptoms
16: Cardiological symptoms
17: Gastro-intestinal symptoms
18: A genetic susceptibility to organophosphates
19: Establishing a link with exposure
20: A probable diagnosis of aerotoxic syndrome?
21: Proposal of diagnostic criteria for aerotoxic syndrome
22: Discussion-future study directions
References
Further reading
Chapter Five: Neurotoxicity of organic solvents: An update on mechanisms and effects
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Mechanisms of solvent neurotoxicity
3: Acute and chronic neurobehavioral toxicity in rodents and humans
4: Sensory neurotoxicity
5: Peripheral neuropathy
6: Developmental neurotoxicity
7: Conclusions
References
Chapter Six: Identifying and preventing the neurotoxic effects of pesticides
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Pesticide products
3: Pesticide registration
4: Pesticide use
5: Toxicity
6: Established mechanisms of action for pesticide classes
7: Insecticides
8: Herbicides
9: Fungicides
10: Fumigants
11: Routes of exposure
12: Pathways of exposure
13: Measuring exposure to pesticides
14: Biomarkers
15: Controlling exposure to pesticides
16: Case study: Pesticide exposure among adolescents in Egypt
17: Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter Seven: Diagnosis and management of occupational and environmental carbon monoxide neurotoxicity
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Occupational and environmental sources of CO exposure
3: Mechanisms of CO neurotoxicity
4: Documenting CO exposure
5: Diagnosis and management of CO poisoning
6: Neuroimaging
7: Prognosis
8: Conclusions
References
Further reading
Chapter Eight: Mercury neurotoxicity in gold miners
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Human exposure and symptomatology of mercury intoxication
3: Cellular and molecular mechanisms of mercury neurotoxicity
4: Current challenges in mercury neurotoxicology
Acknowledgments
References

Michael Aschner

Dr. Aschner serves as the Harold and Muriel Block Chair in Molecular Pharmacology at Albert Einstein College of Medicine. He served on numerous toxicology panels (Institute of Medicine, US Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Disease Control), and is a member of the Neurotoxicology and Alcohol study section (NIH). Research in our lab focuses on the following topics: (1) Modulation of C. elegans genes (aat, skn-1, daf-16) that are homologous to mammalian regulators of MeHg uptake and cellular resistance will modify dopaminergic neurodegeneration in response to MeHg exposure. (2) Under conditions of MeHg-induced oxidative stress, Nrf2 (a master regulator of antioxidant responses) coordinates the upregulation of cytoprotective genes that combat MeHg-induced oxidative injury, and that genetic and biochemical changes that negatively impact upon Nrf2 function increase MeHg’s neurotoxicity. (3) PARK2, a strong PD genetic risk factor, alters neuronal vulnerability to modifiers of cellular Mn status, particularly at the level of mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. Our studies are designed to (1) shed novel mechanistic insight into metal-induced neurodegeneration; (2) identify targets for genetic or pharmacologic modulation of neurodegenerative disorders; (3) increase knowledge of the pathway involved in oxidative stress; (4) develop improved research models for human disease using knowledge of environmental sciences.

Affiliations and expertise

Professor, Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, NY, USA

Lucio G. Costa

Dr. Lucio G. Costa is Professor of Toxicology at the University of Washington in Seattle, and of Pharmacology/Toxicology at the University of Parma Medical School. He received a doctorate in Pharmacology from the University of Milano in 1977, and was a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Texas at Houston. He is a member of several national and international professional organizations, a Fellow of the Academy of Toxicological Sciences, and a European Certified Toxicologist. He received various award for his scientific accomplishments, including the Achievement Award from the Society of Toxicology. He serves in various editorial capacities for several toxicology journals, and is an active manuscript and grant reviewer. Dr. Costa has been the member of dozens of panels and committees at the national and international level dealing with toxicology and risk assessment issues. He has chaired and/or organized symposia at scientific meetings in the United States and internationally. He has been teaching classes in the area of toxicology, neurotoxicology and pharmacology to graduate and medical students for 30 years. He keeps an active research program in the area of neurotoxicology.

Affiliations and expertise

Professor of Toxicology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

Roberto G. Lucchini

Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York. He was also the Director of the World Trade Center Data Center at Mount Sinai and the Director of the NIOSH funded Education and Research Center for the States of New York and New Jersey. In these capacities, he coordinated the epidemiological health surveillance of the workers involved in the clean-up operations after 9/11. Dr. Lucchini was also director of the Selikoff Centers of Occupational Health, the largest center of Occupational Medicine in the USA. Since 2020, Dr Lucchini is a Professor at the School of Public Health, Florida International University, where he continues his research interests with further developments in a highly qualified scientific environment. He has also conducted studies on the risk factors for covid-19 disease severity and mortality, including occupational and environmental exposure to airborne particulates and air pollution. Dr. Lucchini’s research is focused on the health effects of neurotoxic chemicals and the biological mechanisms by which metals, pesticides, persistent organic pollutants, particulate matter and other toxic chemicals can cause injury in the human nervous system, from neurodevelopment to neurodegeneration. He and his team have conducted studies in general populations as well as in occupational groups. With support from Italian National funds, the EU and NIEHS, they have assessed the effects of neurotoxic chemicals across the life span in populations that range in age from early childhood, through adult life to old age. They have also undertaken studies in patients with neurodegenerative diseases and the role of occupational and environmental determinants in aging. These studies are focused in the highly industrialized provinces of Brescia and Taranto and target the exposure to neurotoxic metals including manganese. More recently Dr. Lucchini became involved with the research on the health effect among workers and responders who were exposed to chemicals and intense psychological trauma at the World Trade Center after the 9/11 terroristic attack. He is studying the increased frequency of neurological conditions through the use of fMRI and PET imaging techniques.

Affiliations and expertise

Florida International University, NY, USA