Nutrition in the Prevention and Treatment of Disease

Section I: Research Methodology

Part A: Assessment Methods for Research and Practice

Chapter 1. Dietary Assessment Methodology

• Abstract
• I Introduction
• II Dietary Assessment Methods
• III Dietary Assessment in Different Study Designs
• IV Dietary Assessment in Special Populations
• V Selected Issues in Dietary Assessment Methods
• Acknowledgments
• References

Chapter 2. Assessment of Dietary Supplement Use

• Abstract
• I Introduction
• II Methods for Assessing Dietary Supplement Intake
• III Dietary Supplement Composition Databases for Analysis of Dietary Supplement Intake
• IV The Dietary Supplement Label
• V Authoritative Information and Resources About Dietary Supplements
• VI How to Report Problems with Dietary Supplement Intake
• Conclusions
• References

Chapter 3. Physical and Clinical Assessment of Nutritional Status

• Abstract
• I Introduction
• II Assessment of Body Size and Shape
• III Assessment of Body Composition
• IV Clinical Considerations in Assessment of Nutrition Status
• V Conclusion
• References

Chapter 4. Energy Requirement Methodology

• Abstract
• I Introduction
• II Components of Daily Energy Expenditure
• III Total Energy Expenditure
• IV Recommended Energy Intakes
• References

Chapter 5. Metabolomics

• Abstract
• I Introduction
• II Specimens
• III Metabolomics Analytical Tools
• IV Data Analysis
• V Applications to Food and Nutrition
• VI Summary
• Acknowledgments
• References

Part B: Research and Applied Methods for Observational and Intervention Studies

Chapter 6. Translational Research: Concepts and Methods in Dissemination and Implementation Research

• Abstract
• I Introduction
• II Key Concepts in Translational Research
• III Common Frameworks in D&I Research
• IV Common Study Designs and Approaches in D&I Research
• V Measures in D&I
• VI Examples from the Literature
• VII Additional Resources
• VIII Conclusions
• References

Chapter 7. Overview of Nutritional Epidemiology

• Abstract
• I Introduction
• II Principles of Exposure Measurement in Nutritional Epidemiology
• III Study Designs Used in Nutritional Epidemiology
• IV Interpretation of Cause and Effect in Nutritional Epidemiology
• V Obstacles to Finding Associations of Dietary Intake and Disease Risk
• VI Future Research Directions
• References

Chapter 8. Analysis, Presentation, and Interpretation of Dietary Data

• Abstract
• I Introduction
• II Analysis of Dietary Data
• III Presentation of Data
• IV Interpretation of Data
• Conclusion
• References

Chapter 9. Current Theoretical Bases for Nutrition Intervention and Their Uses

• Abstract
• I Introduction
• II The Importance of Understanding Influences on Dietary Behavior
• III What Is Theory?
• IV Explanatory and Change Theories
• V Unique Features of Diet-Related Behavior to Consider When Using Theory
• VI Important Theories, Their Key Constructs, and Application
• VII Constructs and Issues Across Theories
• VIII Implications and Opportunities
• References

Chapter 10. Nutrition Intervention: Lessons From Clinical Trials

• Abstract
• I Introduction
• II Common Components of Dietary Interventions in Clinical Trials
• III Conceptual Models of Motivation
• IV Theories Used in Achieving Dietary Behavior Change in Clinical Trials
• V Summary
• References

Chapter 11. Biomarkers and Their Use in Nutrition Intervention

• Abstract
• I Introduction
• II Biomarkers of Dietary Intake or Exposure
• III Functional Biomarkers and Markers of Biological Effects
• IV Biomarkers of Genetic Susceptibility
• V Metabolomics for Biomarker Discovery
• VI Criteria for Selecting and Using Biomarkers
• VII Summary
• References

Section II: Nutrition for Health Maintenance, Prevention, and Disease-Specific Treatment

Part A: Food and Nutrient Intake for Health

Chapter 12. Nutrition Guidelines to Promote and Maintain Health

• Abstract
• I Introduction and Objectives
• II Guidelines on Human Nutrient Requirements
• III Federal Nutrition-Related Health Policies
• IV Expert Guidelines on Nutrient Requirements for Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention
• V Using Nutrition Policies and Expert Guidelines to Inform the Professional Practice of Nutrition
• VI Summary
• References

Chapter 13. Nutritional Recommendations for Athletes

• Abstract
• I Introduction
• II Energy Requirements for Athletes
• III Macronutrient Recommendations for Athletes
• IV Micronutrient Requirements for Athletes
• V Fluid Requirements for Athletes
• VI Summary and Conclusions
• References

Chapter 14. Nutrition for Children With Special Health Care Needs

• Abstract
• I Introduction
• II The Role of Nutrition in Preventing Developmental Problems
• III The Functional Approach to Nutrition Assessment for Children with Special Needs
• IV Evidence-Based Interventions for Selected Conditions
• V Conclusion
• References

Part B: Dietary Bioactive Compounds for Health

Chapter 15. Bioavailability and Metabolism of Bioactive Compounds From Foods

• Abstract
• I Introduction
• II Bioavailability of Water-Soluble Compounds
• III Lipid-Soluble Compounds
• IV Summary
• References

Chapter 16. Antioxidants in Health and Disease

• Abstract
• I Introduction
• II Antioxidants in Disease Etiology, Prevention, and Treatment
• III Overall Conclusion and Discussion
• References

Chapter 17. Choline and Brain Development

• Abstract
• I Introduction
• II Choline Metabolism and Biochemistry
• III Choline in Foods and Dietary Requirements
• IV Choline and Neural Development
• V Long-Lasting Consequences of Prenatal Choline Availability
• VI Implications for Human Brain Development
• Acknowledgment
• References

Chapter 18. Dietary Phytochemicals in Neurodegenerative Disease

• Abstract
• I Introduction
• II Alzheimer’s Disease
• III Parkinson’s Disease
• IV Dietary Plants and Neurodegenerative Disease
• V Neuroprotective Effects of Phytochemicals in AD Models
• VI Neuroprotective Effects of Phytochemicals in PD Models
• VII Neuroprotective Mechanisms of Phytochemicals
• VIII Conclusions and Future Directions
• References

Chapter 19. Diet and Supplements in the Prevention and Treatment of Eye Diseases

• Abstract
• I Introduction
• II Lutein, Zeaxanthin, and Eye Health Throughout the Lifespan
• III Cataract
• IV Age-Related Macular Degeneration
• V Diabetic Retinopathy
• VI Glaucoma
• VII Chapter Summary
• Acknowledgments
• References

Chapter 20. Phytochemicals in the Prevention and Treatment of Obesity and Its Related Cancers

• Abstract
• I Introduction
• II Role of Adipose Tissue in Obesity
• III Obesity-Related Cancers
• IV Phytochemicals in Obesity and Its Related Cancers
• V Conclusion
• References

Part C: Overweight and Obesity

Chapter 21. Genetics of Nonsyndromic Human Obesity, With Suggestions for New Studies From Work in Mouse Models

• Abstract
• I Introduction
• II The Big Picture—How Much Obesity Is Due to Genetics
• III Why Finding Obesity Genes Matters
• IV The Search for Obesity Genes
• V Gene–Environment Interactions
• VI Genetic Pathways of Obesity
• VII Clinical Implications of the Discovery of Obesity Genes
• References

Chapter 22. Obesity: Overview of Medical Treatments and Interventions

• Abstract
• I Introduction
• II Assessment of Overweight and Obesity
• III Selecting Treatment Options
• IV Pharmaceutical Interventions
• V Weight Maintenance
• VI Pediatric and Adolescent Obesity
• VII The Future of Obesity
• VIII Conclusion
• References

Chapter 23. Surgery for Severe Obesity

• Abstract
• I Introduction
• II Bariatric Surgical Procedures
• III Weight-Loss Surgeries
• IV Clinical Aspects
• V Preoperative Assessment
• VI Postoperative Management
• VII Long-Term Concerns
• VIII Conclusion
• References

Chapter 24. Behavioral Risk Factors for Overweight and Obesity: Diet and Physical Activity

• Abstract
• I Introduction
• II Obesity and Overweight
• III Dietary Intake Factors
• IV Physical Activity
• V Conclusion
• References

Chapter 25. Snacking and Energy Balance in Humans

• Abstract
• I Introduction
• II Definition of Snacking
• III Prevalence of Snacking
• IV Snacking and Type of Food Consumed
• V Snacking and Energy Balance
• VI Snacking as Part of a Healthy Diet
• VII Conclusions
• References

Part D: Cardiovascular Disease

Chapter 26. Genetic Influences on Blood Lipids and Cardiovascular Disease Risk

• Abstract
• I Introduction
• II Representative GWAS
• III Development of Cardiovascular Score
• Acknowledgments
• References

Chapter 27. The Role of Diet in the Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease

• Abstract
• I Introduction
• II Effects of Macronutrients on CVD Risk Factors
• III Evidence-Based Dietary Patterns for Reducing CVD Risk
• IV Conclusions
• References

Chapter 28. Nutrition, Lifestyle, and Hypertension

• Abstract
• I Introduction
• II Micronutrients
• III Macronutrients
• IV Other Foods and Dietary Factors
• V Dietary Patterns
• VI Weight Reduction and Multilifestyle Modification
• VII Current Recommendations and Implementation
• VIII Summary
• References

Part E: Diabetes Mellitus

Chapter 29. Genetics and Diabetes

• Abstract
• I Introduction
• II Diagnosis of Diabetes and Nongenetic Risk Factors
• III Heritability and Monogenic Forms of Diabetes
• IV Linkage Analysis and Candidate-Gene-Based Association Studies
• V GWAS of Type 2 Diabetes
• VI GWAS of Type 2 Diabetes-Related Quantitative Traits
• VII Fine-Mapping of Identified Type 2 Diabetes Loci
• VIII Sequencing and Rare Variants
• IX Genetic Risk Score and Prediction Model for Type 2 Diabetes
• X Gene–Environment Interactions in Type 2 Diabetes and Diabetes-Related Traits
• XI Challenge and Future Direction
• XII Summary
• References

Chapter 30. Obesity and the Risk for Type 2 Diabetes

• Abstract
• I Introduction
• II Diagnostic Criteria for Obesity and Diabetes
• III Epidemiological Evidence for a Relationship of Obesity and Diabetes
• IV Prevention of Diabetes by Preventing Obesity
• References
• Further Reading

Chapter 31. The Role of Diet in the Prevention and Treatment of Diabetes

• Abstract
• I Introduction
• II Diagnostic Criteria and Diabetes Categories
• III MNT for Diabetes Prevention and Treatment
• IV Approaches to Treat Comorbidities and Reduce Complications
• V Nutrient Intake Considerations
• VI Collaborative Efforts for Diabetes Prevention and Treatment
• VII Conclusion
• References

Chapter 32. Nutritional Management for Gestational Diabetes

• Abstract
• I Introduction
• II Prevalence
• III Risk Factors
• IV Complications Associated with GDM
• V Screening and Diagnosis
• VI Weight Gain in Pregnancy
• VII Monitoring in Pregnancy
• VIII Nutrition Management
• IX Physical Activity
• X Pharmacological Therapy
• XI Diabetes Self-Management Education and Behavioral Approach
• XII Postpartum
• XIII Conclusion
• References

Part F: Cancer

Chapter 33. Interaction of Genetic Factors With Nutrition in Cancer

• Abstract
• I Introduction
• II Background and Definitions
• III Mechanisms of Diet–Gene Interactions
• IV Methodological Issues
• V Diet–Gene Interactions and Cancer
• VI Future Directions
• References

Chapter 34. Nutrition and Cancers of the Breast, Endometrium, and Ovary

• Abstract
• I Introduction
• II Breast Cancer
• III Endometrial Cancer
• IV Ovarian Cancer
• V Summary and Conclusion
• References

Chapter 35. Nutrition and Prostate Cancer

• Abstract
• I Introduction
• II Descriptive Epidemiology of Prostate Cancer
• III Studies of Diet in Relation to Prostate Cancer
• IV Genetics and Gene–Environment Interactions
• V Conclusions and Implications for Prevention and Treatment
• References

Chapter 36. Nutrition and Colon Cancer

• Abstract
• I Introduction
• II Fruits, Vegetables, and Legumes
• III Meat
• IV Milk and Dairy Foods
• V Whole Grains
• VI Beverages
• VII Summary
• References

Part G: Gastrointestinal Health and Disease

Chapter 37. Intestinal Microbiota and Diet in Health

• Abstract
• I Introduction
• II Distribution and Diversity of the Human Intestinal Microbiota
• III Bacterial Colonization, Succession, and Metabolism
• IV Functions of the GI Tract Microbiota
• V Methodology for Studying Intestinal Microbiota
• VI Influence of Diet on Intestinal Microbiota
• VII Microbiome-Associated Biomarkers
• VIII Challenges in the Field
• References

Chapter 38. Gut Microbial Metabolism in Health and Disease

• Abstract
• I Introduction to the Gut Microbiota
• II Conclusion
• References

Chapter 39. Nutritional Management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Short Bowel Syndrome

• Abstract
• I Inflammatory Bowel Disease
• II Short Bowel Syndrome
• III Conclusions
• References

Chapter 40. Nutrient Considerations in Lactose Intolerance

• Abstract
• I Introduction
• II Lactose in the Diet
• III Digestion of Lactose
• IV Loss of Lactase Activity
• V Diagnosis of Lactose Maldigestion
• VI Lactose Maldigestion and Intolerance Symptoms
• VII Lactose Digestion, Calcium, and Osteoporosis
• VIII Dietary Management for Lactose Maldigestion
• IX Gene Therapy for Lactose Intolerance
• X Prebiotics as Treatment for Lactose Maldigesters
• XI Summary
• References

Chapter 41. Nutritional Considerations in the Management of Gluten-Related Disorders

• Abstract
• I Introduction
• II Symptoms of Celiac Disease
• III Diagnosis of Celiac Disease
• IV Treatment of Celiac Disease with a Gluten-Free Diet
• V Management of the Complications of Celiac Disease
• VI Summary
• References

Chapter 42. Nutrition and Cystic Fibrosis

• Abstract
• I Overview of Cystic Fibrosis
• II Malnutrition in CF
• III Nutrition Assessment
• IV Nutrition Management
• V Conclusions
• References

Part H: Bone Health and Disease

Chapter 43. Current Understanding of Vitamin D Metabolism, Nutritional Status, and Role in Disease Prevention

• Abstract
• I Introduction
• II Metabolism of Vitamin D
• III Sources of Vitamin D
• IV Vitamin D Nutritional Status Assessment and Relation to Disease Risk
• V Dietary Requirements
• VI Safety of Vitamin D
• VII Future Considerations
• VIII Conclusion
• References

Chapter 44. Osteoporosis: The Early Years

• Abstract
• I Introduction
• II Acquiring Peak Bone Mass and Bone Strength
• III Skeletal Fragility in Children
• IV Nutrition and Development of Peak Bone Mass
• V Conclusion
• References

Chapter 45. Osteoporosis in Adults

• Abstract
• I Introduction
• II The Skeleton
• III Adult Bone Maintenance
• IV Diagnosis of Osteoporosis
• V Osteoporosis Prevention and Treatment
• VI Conclusion
• References