Nuclear Radioactive Materials in the Oil and Gas Industry

Nuclear Radioactive Materials in the Oil and Gas Industry comprehensively discusses the TENORMs generated from various types of oil and gas processes and their associated adverse human health effects, effective TENORM waste management strategies, and the quantitative risk analysis. The book thoroughly investigates current knowledge, addressing the three main gaps identified in available studies: 1) Exposure to radioactivity, 2) High volume waste as a source of radiation exposure, and 3) A lack of uniform, international safety regulations.

This book offers researchers, scientists and graduate and undergraduate students a comprehensive and well-researched reference that covers fundamental concepts, problem identification and solutions development. It is an ideal, comprehensive guideline for professionals involved in the oil and gas and nuclear industries who are concerned about radiological issues.

• Demystifies NORM and TENORM concepts and redefines TENORM from technical and nuclear scientific perspectives
• Addresses statistically representative data of quantitative risk assessment and dynamic accident modeling
• Stresses the need for legislation and consistency of safety standards relating to radiological risks posed by TENORM on health and the environment

Graduate students, researchers, scientists, professionals, experts, and industries responsible for TENORM-related safety and management

Dedication

About the Authors

Preface

Chapter 1. An overview of operational and occupational safety in onshore and offshore oil and gas extraction and production processes
Abstract
1.1 Introduction
1.2 History of hydrocarbons explorations
1.3 Philosophy of the hydrocarbon origin
1.4 Oil and gas industry structure
1.5 An overview of oil and gas extraction and production processes
1.6 Hypothetical scenario of oil and gas drilling operation 
1.7 HSE management system commonly used in oil and gas extraction and drilling operations 
1.8 Conclusion

Chapter 2. Fundamentals of technologically enhanced naturally occurring radioactive materials in the oil and gas industry
Abstract
2.1 Introduction to nuclear radioactive materials
2.2 Basics in the science of nuclear radioactive materials
2.3 TENORM in oil and gas formations
2.4 TENORM production in the oil and gas industry
2.5 TENORM in produced water and wastes generated by the oil and gas
2.6 Common forms of TENORM
2.7 Modes of radiation exposures in the oil and gas industry
2.8 Biological and health effects of radiation exposure
2.9 Knowledge and technical gaps

Chapter 3. Risk assessment and management of TENORM waste disposal options in the oil and gas industry
Abstract
3.1 Introduction
3.2 An overview of TENORM waste disposal options in oil and gas industry
3.3 Risk assessment of TENORM waste disposal options
3.4 TENORM Risk Assessment benchmarking with other literature
   3.4.1 Case Study #2: Risk assessment of TENORM wastes disposed of in an evaporation pond
   3.4.2 Case Study #3: Risk assessment of TENORM wastes disposed of in land farms
3.5 Analysis and discussions
3.6 Conclusions

Chapter 4. Quantitative risk assessment and dynamic accident modeling of TENORM occupational exposure in the oil and gasindustry using SMART approach
Abstract
4.1 Introduction
4.2 TENORM dynamic accident modeling and quantitative risk assessment using SMART Approach
4.3 TENORM occupational exposure scenario modeling and prediction
   4.3.1 SHIPP Methodology
   4.3.2 Rational Methodology
   4.3.3 Modeling dynamic prediction and updating
4.4 Analysis and discussions
4.5 Conclusions

Chapter 5. Management of Nuclear Radioactive Materials Produced with Oil and Gas extraction and production
Abstract
5.1 Introduction
5.2 An overview of geochemistry of nuclear materials in the hydrocarbon’s geological formations: Evidence # 1
5.3 Production of nuclear radioactive materials with extraction and production of oil and gas: Evidence #2
5.4 Well Logging data are a good source of information to extrapolating the quantities and depths of nuclear materials and hydrocarbons: Evidence # 3
5.5 The Integrated In-Situ Oil and Uranium Recovery Technology
5.6 Nuclear radioactive waste management based on Thermo-chemi-nuclear conversion technology (TCT)
5.6.1 The Working Principle of Thermo-chemi-nuclear Conversion Technology (TCT)
5.7 Nuclear radiological occupational exposure prevention in the oil and gas industry
5.8 Conclusions

Chapter 6. The Role of International Atomic Agencies in regulating and legislation of Radiation Protection and the Management of Radioactive Waste in the Oil and Gas Industry
Abstract
6.1 Introduction
6.2 IAEA-Safety Report series #34: Radiation Protection and management of radiation waste in the oil and gas industry
   6.2.1 An overview
   6.2.2 Conclusion
6.3 IOGP - Report No. 412: Guidelines for the Management of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material (NORM) in the Oil & Gas Industry
   6.3.1 An overview
   6.3.2 Conclusion
6.4 ICRP: Radiological Protection from Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material (NORM) in Industrial Processes
   6.4.1 An overview
   6.4.2 Conclusion
6.5 Conclusion

Chapter 7 The Importance of public participation in legislation of TENORM risks management in the oil and gas industry
Abstract
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Concerns associated with nuclear radioactive wastes coproduced with oil and gas
7.3 An overview of legislative inconsistencies and political conflicts concerning nuclear radioactive wastes
7.4 Challenges faced by the policy-makers in regulating radiological risks
7.5 Political institutional reform and trust reconstruction in technological risk management
7.6 Public participation is a legal right guaranteed by the legislator
7.7 Public participation approach   
   7.7.1 Academic and technical advisory community panel
   7.7.2 Public engagement methodology
   7.7.3 Scope of work
7.8 Conclusions

Chapter 8. Conclusions and recommendations
Abstract
8.1 Conclusions

Appendix A: Morbidity and Mortality Risk Coefficients for External Exposure
Appendix B: Morbidity and Mortality Risk Coefficients for Inhalation

Acronym List

Glossary