New Perspectives in Adipose Tissue

1 The Comparative Anatomy of Adipose Tissue


1.1 Introduction


1.2 Anatomy of Adipose Tissue in the Fetus


1.3 Cellularity of Adipose Tissue


1.4 Stromal-Vascular Aspects of Adipose Tissue


1.5 References


2 The Morphology of Adipose Tissue


2.1 Introduction


2.2 White Adipose Tissue


2.3 Brown Adipose Tissue


2.4 Acknowledgments


2.5 References


3 Nervous Control of Circulation and Metabolism in White Adipose Tissue


3.1 Introduction


3.2 Innervation of White Adipose Tissue


3.3 Control of Transmitter Release


3.4 Nervous Control of Circulation


3.5 Nervous Control of Metabolism


3.6 Interplay between Circulation and Metabolism


3.7 Pathophysiological Considerations—Adipose Tissue in Shock


3.8 Summary and Conclusions


3.9 Acknowledgments


3.10 References


4 The Metabolism of White Adipose Tissue In Vivo and In Vitro


4.1 Introduction


4.2 Methodological Aspects


4.3 Blood Flow


4.4 Lipoprotein Lipase and the Utilization of Plasma Triacylglycerol


4.5 Fatty Acid Synthesis


4.6 Esterification


4.7 Lipolysis


4.8 References


5 Hormonal Regulation of Biosynthetic Activities in White Adipose Tissue


5.1 Introduction


5.2 Precursors of Biosynthesis: information Gained from Measurements of Metabolic Fluxes


5.3 The Provision of Precursors


5.4 Conversion of Intracellular Glucose to Triosephosphates and to Pyruvate


5.5 Control of the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase (PDH) Complex


5.6 Acetyl CoA Carboxylase


5.7 Other Enzymes Associated with the FAS Pathway


5.8 The Esterification Pathway


5.9 References


6 Hormonal Control of Lipid Degradation


6.1 Introduction


6.2 The Rate-Controlling Enzyme: The Hormone-Sensitive Lipase


6.3 Short-term Hormonal Control of Lipolysis


6.4 Conclusions and Perspectives


6.5 Acknowledgments


6.6 References


7 Plasma Membrane Properties and Receptors in White Adipose Tissue


7.1 Introduction


7.2 Methodological Approaches for the Study of the Fat Cell Plasma Membrane


7.3 Plasma Membrane Receptors: identification, Characterization and Purification


7.4 Summary and Concluding Remarks


7.5 References


8 Lipoproteins and Adipose Tissue


8.1 The Plasma Lipoproteins


8.2 The Lipoproteins and Adipose Tissue


8.3 The Relation of Adipose Tissue Cholesterol Storage to Circulating Lipoprotein Cholesterol


8.4 Conclusion


8.5 References


9 The Role of Brown Adipose Tissue Thermogenesis in Energy Balance


9.1 Introduction


9.2 BAT Thermogenesis and Energy Balance in Normal Animals


9.3 BAT Thermogenesis and Energy Balance in obese Animals


9.4 Role of BAT Thermogenesis in Energy Balance in Man


9.5 Conclusion and Implications for the Future


9.6 References


10 Brown Adipose Tissue: Molecular Mechanisms Controlling Activity and Thermogenesis


10.1 Brown Adipose Tissue is not White Adipose Tissue


10.2 The Energy-Consuming, Heat-Producing Function of BAT


10.3 Heat Production In Vitro


10.4 The Question of the Nature of the Intracellular Mediator of Thermogenesis


10.5 The Recovery Processes


10.6 Physiological Recruitment of the Thermogenic Capacity of BAT


10.7 Perspectives


10.8 Acknowledgments


10.9 References


11 Methodological Approaches to the Study of the Adipose Tissues: Their Impact on Research into the Aetiology of Obesity


11.1 Introduction


11.2 Methodological Approaches to Determine whether the Increased White Fat Cell Size of Genetically Obese Rodents is Caused by their Nature or their Nurture


11.3 Methodological Approaches to the Measurement of Blood Flow to BAT


11.4 Methodological Approaches to the Identification of the Adipose Tissues


11.5 Concluding Remarks


11.6 Acknowledgments


11.7 References


12 Regulation of Adipose Tissue Development in Utero


12.1 Introduction


12.2 Metabolic Development


12.3 Effectors of Fetal Adipose Tissue Development


12.4 Genetic Aspects


12.5 Central Mechanisms


12.6 Summary


12.7 Acknowledgment


12.8 References


13 Growth of Adipose Tissue following Lipectomy


13.1 Introduction


13.2 Animal Experiments


13.3 Use of Lipectomy to Study Regulation of Body Fat Mass: 'Lipodynamics'


13.4 Lipectomy in Man


13.5 References


14 Cell and Tissue Culture Models of Adipocyte Development


14.1 Introduction


14.2 Models of Adipocyte Differentiation Using Cells Derived from Adipose Tissue


14.3 Models of Adipocyte Differentiation Using Cells Derived from Non-Adipose Tissue


14.4 Factors Affecting Adipocyte Differentiation


14.5 Structural and Functional Changes during Adipocyte Differentiation In Vitro


14.6 Concluding Remarks


14.7 Acknowledgments


14.8 References


15 The Adipocyte Precursor Cell


15.1 Introduction


15.2 Adipocyte Precursors In Vitro


15.3 Functional Characteristics of Adipocyte Precursors


15.4 Effect of Hormones on Adipocyte Precursors


15.5 Effect of Growth Factors


15.6 Adipocyte Precursor Clones


15.7 Development of Adipocyte Precursors In Vivo


15.8 Adipocyte Delipidation


15.9 The Nature of the Adipocyte


15.10 Adipocyte Precursor Characteristics in Human and Animal Obesities


15.11 New Perspectives in Adipose Cellularity


15.12 References


16 Biochemical Markers of Adipocyte Precursor Differentiation


16.1 Introduction


16.2 Measurements of Overall Metabolic Changes


16.3 Activities of Intracellular Enzymes of Lipid Metabolism


16.4 Changes in the Levels of other Proteins


16.5 Changes in the Responses to Hormones


16.6 Cell Surface Changes


16.7 Postscript


16.8 References


17 The Role of Hormone Status in the Development of Excess Adiposity in Animal Models of Obesity


17.1 Introduction


17.2 Hormone Secretion in Animal Obesities


17.3 Regulation of Food Intake


17.4 Hormonal Control of Energy Expenditure


17.5 Hormonal Control of Lipid Metabolism in Obesity


17.6 Adipose Tissue Development in Animal Obesities


17.7 Concluding Remarks


17.8 References


18 Adipose Tissue Dysfunction and its Consequences


18.1 Introduction


18.2 Obesity and Adipose Tissue Morphology


18.3 Endocrine Regulation of Adipocytes


18.4 Regional Obesity and Classification


18.5 Integration of Regional Obesity Data and Adipocyte Function


18.6 Summary, Outlook and Conclusions


18.7 References

Index