Neuroparasitology and Tropical Neurology

Handbook of Clinical Neurology 3rd Series

Foreword

Preface

Contributors

Section 1: Introduction

Chapter 1. Neurological aspects of neglected tropical diseases: an unrecognized burden

Introduction

Tropical diseases with neurological implications: an attempt at classification

The unrecognized burden of tropical neurology

The challenge of assessing the burden of tropical neurological diseases

Epilepsy: the silent epidemic

The challenge of ensuring that all those in need are reached by the national health services

A public health strategy to reduce the burden of tropical neurological diseases

References

Section 2: Pathophysiology and characteristics of parasitic infections

Chapter 2. Mechanisms of CNS invasion and damage by parasites

Introduction

Mechanisms of CNS invasion by parasites

Mechanisms of CNS structural and/or functional damage by parasites

Concluding remarks and future directions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 3. Immunodiagnosis of CNS parasitic infections

Introduction

Diseases that are localized primarily in the CNS

Other parasitic diseases of the CNS

Conclusions

Acknowledgment

References

Chapter 4. Imaging of parasitic infections of the central nervous system

Protozoa

Nematodes

Trematodes

Cestodes

Conclusion

References

Chapter 5. Pathology of CNS parasitic infections

Introduction

Protozoal Infections

Metazoal infections

References

Section 3: Protozoa

Chapter 6. Cerebral malaria

Introduction

Pathophysiology

Clinical manifestations

Pediatric patients

Adult patients

Treatment

Neurological sequelae

Epidemiology

Malaria in travelers

Prevention strategies and future directions

Conclusion

References

Chapter 7. American trypanosomiasis

Introduction and epidemiology

Transmission and natural cycle of t. Cruzi

Clinical symptoms and stages of the infection

Acute reactivation of chagas disease

Cerebrovascular complications of chagas disease

Diagnosis of American trypanosomiasis

Treatment

Concluding remarks

References

Chapter 8. Toxoplasmosis

Toxoplasma gondii: brief history and overview

The parasite and its life cycle

Transmission

Epidemiology

Immune response

Toxoplasmosis: clinical aspects

Summary

References

Chapter 9. Entamoeba histolytica brain abscess

Introduction

Microbiology

Pathogenesis

Epidemiology

Clinical presentations of amebiasis

Therapy

References

Chapter 10. Infections with free-living amebae

Introduction

Historical perspective

Taxonomy and classification

Acanthamoeba

Balamuthia mandrillaris

Naegleria fowleri

Sappinia pedata

Conclusions

References

Further-reading

Chapter 11. Human African trypanosomiasis

Introduction, transmission, and epidemiology

Pathogenesis and neuropathology

Clinical features

Diagnosis

Treatment

Control and prevention

Future developments

References

Chapter 12. Microsporidiasis

Introduction

Life cycle and pathogenesis

Clinical manifestations

Diagnosis

Treatment

Prevention

References

Chapter 13. Neurological manifestations of human leishmaniasis

Introduction to neurological manifestations of leishmaniasis

Peripheral demyelinating immune-mediated neuropathy in visceral leishmaniasis

Peripheral neuropathy in cutaneous leishmaniasis patients by direct or close parasite involvement

Central nervous system involvement in visceral leishmaniasis

Neuropathy induced by leishmanicidal treatments

Conclusion

References

Chapter 14. Neurological manifestations of human babesiosis

Introduction

Evidence in an animal model of neurological manifestations associated with Babesia infection

Human neurological manifestations associated with Babesia infection

Diagnosis

Treatment and prevention

Conclusions

Acknowledgment

References

Section 4: Nematoda

Chapter 15. Eosinophilic meningitis

Introduction

Angiostrongylus cantonensis

Gnathostoma spinigerum

Taenia solium

References

Chapter 16. Toxocariasis

Introduction

Historical background

Life cycle

Epidemiology

Clinical features

Diagnosis

Treatment

References

Chapter 17. Strongyloides stercoralis infection complicating the central nervous system

Introduction

Immune response

Risk factors

Clinical manifestations

Strongyloidiasis stercoralis and gram-negative meningitis

Diagnosis

Treatment

References

Chapter 18. Neurological manifestations of filarial infections

Introduction

Dracunculiasis

Onchocerciasis

Loa loa

Lymphatic filariasis

Mansonella perstans

Conclusions

References

Chapter 19. Neurotrichinellosis

Introduction

Epidemiology

Factors affecting the severity of the disease

Pathogenesis of neurotrichinellosis

Neurological complications

Differential diagnosis of neurotrichinellosis

Laboratory diagnosis

Treatment

Practical recommendations

References

Chapter 20. Baylisascaris larva migrans

Introduction

Epidemiology and life cycle

Clinical disease

Pathogenesis

Ocular disease

Diagnosis

Treatment

Prevention

Other baylisascaris species

References

Chapter 21. Other helminthic infections: Ascariasis, Dracontiasis, Lagochilascariasis, Micronemiasis

Introduction

Ascariasis

Dracontiasis

Human lagochilascariasis

Micronemiasis

References

Section 5: Trematoda

Chapter 22. Schistosomiasis of the nervous system

Introduction

Life cycle

Clinical schistosomiasis

Neuroschistosomiasis

Treatment for neuroschistosomiasis

Concluding remarks

References

Chapter 23. Paragonimiasis

Introduction

Morphology and taxonomy

Species infecting humans

Life cycle

Epidemiology

Pathogenesis and pathology

Clinical manifestations

Diagnosis

Treatment

References

Chapter 24. Direct and indirect affection of the central nervous system by Fasciola infection

Introduction

Human fascioliasis

Acute phase

Chronic phase

Fascioliasis affecting the central nervous system

Intracranial invasion by migrating flukes

Neurological impact of liver fascioliasis

Neurological symptoms described

Accompanying ophthalmological disorders

Paraclinical examinations

Ectopic localization of a migratory worm

Immuno-allergic and toxic effects on the central nervous system caused by flukes in the liver

Diagnosis of neurological fascioliasis

Coprological analyses

Serological tests

Treatment of neurological fascioliasis

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Section 6: Cestoda

Chapter 25. Neurocysticercosis

Introduction

Epidemiology

Life cycle of taenia solium

Etiopathogenesis

Types of NCC

Clinical manifestations

Diagnosis

Treatment

Control measures

References

Chapter 26. Cystic and alveolar echinococcosis

Introduction

Biological and epidemiological background

Diagnosis and clinical management

Conclusions and outlook

References

Chapter 27. Other cestodes: sparganosis, coenurosis and Taenia crassiceps cysticercosis

Introduction

Sparganosis

Coenurosis

Taenia crassiceps cysticercosis

References

Section 7: Other tropical neurological disorders

Chapter 28. Neurological effects of venomous bites and stings: snakes, spiders, and scorpions

Snake bites

Spider bites

Scorpion stings

References

Chapter 29. Effects of geohelminth infections on neurological development

Introduction

The geohelminths themselves

Distribution in a population and across time

Pathways

Models of child development

The evidence

Summary of issues

Conclusions

References

Chapter 30. Nutritional disorders in tropical neurology

Introduction

Malnutrition

Specific deficiencies of micronutrients and vitamins

Neurological disorders associated with specific vitamins

Nutritional neuropathies and myeloneuropathies

References

Index