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Neural Surface Antigens
From Basic Biology Towards Biomedical Applications
1st Edition - March 23, 2015
Editor: Jan Pruszak
Language: English
Hardback ISBN:9780128007815
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 0 0 7 8 1 - 5
eBook ISBN:9780128011263
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 0 1 1 2 6 - 3
Neural Surface Antigens: From Basic Biology towards Biomedical Applications focuses on the functionalrole of surface molecules in neural development, stem cell research, and…Read more
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Neural Surface Antigens: From Basic Biology towards Biomedical Applications focuses on the functional role of surface molecules in neural development, stem cell research, and translational biomedical paradigms. With an emphasis on human and rodent model systems, this reference covers fundamentals of neural stem cell biology and flow cytometric methodology. Addressing cell biologists as well as clinicians working in the neurosciences, the book was conceived by an international panel of experts to cover a vast array of particular surface antigen families and subtypes. It provides insight into the basic biology and functional mechanisms of neural cell surface signaling molecules influencing mammalian development, regeneration, and treatments.
Introduces early phase clinical trials of neural stem cells
Outlines characterization of surface molecule expression and methods for isolation which open unprecedented opportunities for functional study, quantitation & diagnostics
Highlights the role of stem cells in neural surface antigen and biomarker analysis and applications
Stem cell biologists of all levels working in neuroscience, regenerative medicine, and oncology (graduate student to senior principal investigator); neuroscientists; secondary audience: clinical pathologists, neurologists and oncologists
Foreword
Preface
Chapter 1. Fundamentals of Neurogenesis and Neural Stem Cell Development
1.1. Neurulation: Formation of the Central Nervous System Anlage
1.2. Neurulation and Neural Tube Formation
1.3. Regionalization of the Mammalian Neural Tube
1.4. Onset of Neurogenesis in the Telencephalon
1.5. The Transition of the Neurepithelium to Neural Stem Cells
1.6. Progenitor Fate Commitment and Restriction
1.7. Molecular Mechanisms of Neural Stem Cell Maintenance
1.8. Interneuron Generation from the Ventral Telencephalon
1.9. Formation of the Cerebral Isocortex and Cortical Layering
1.10. Oligodendrogenesis and Astrogenesis
Chapter 2. A Brief Introduction to Neural Flow Cytometry from a Practical Perspective
2.1. Introduction
2.2. What is Flow Cytometry?
2.3. Challenges and Opportunities of Neural Flow Cytometry
2.4. Cell Sorting of Neural Cells—Step by Step
2.5. Flow Cytometric Analysis of NSCs
2.6. Flow Cytometry of Neurons
2.7. Flow Cytometric Analysis of Glial Cell Types
2.8. Conclusion
Chapter 3. CD36, CD44, and CD83 Expression and Putative Functions in Neural Tissues
3.1. Introduction
3.2. The Putative CD36 Functions in the CNS: A Multifunctional Scavenger Receptor and Lipid Sensor
3.3. The Expression of CD44 Adhesion Molecule in Neural Cells
3.4. The Glycoprotein CD83
3.5. Concluding Remarks
Chapter 4. Life and Death in the CNS: The Role of CD95
4.1. Introduction
4.2. CD95 Expression in the Healthy and Diseased Brain
4.3. Functions and Signaling of CD95 in the CNS
4.4. Conclusions
Chapter 5. Role of Fundamental Pathways of Innate and Adaptive Immunity in Neural Differentiation: Focus on Toll-like Receptors, Complement System, and T-Cell-Related Signaling
5.1. Molecules from Innate Immunity
5.2. Molecules from Adaptive Immunity
5.3. Conclusion
Chapter 6. Neuropilins in Development and Disease of the Nervous System
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Neuropilins Associate with Plexins to Mediate Semaphorin Signaling
6.3. Neuropilins and Plexins Cooperate to Confer Specificity to Semaphorin Signaling
6.4. Neuropilin-Mediated Repulsion in Axon Guidance
6.5. Neuropilins Can Mediate Attractive Responses by Axons to Semaphorins
6.6. Neuropilins Organize Axon Projections to Provide a Substrate for Migrating Neurons
6.7. Semaphorin Signaling through Neuropilins in Neurons Promotes Neuronal Migration
6.8. VEGF-A as an Alternative Neuropilin Ligand in the Nervous System
6.9. Differential VEGF-A Isoform Affinity for the Two Neuropilins
6.10. VEGF-A Signaling through Neuropilin 1
6.11. NRP1 in CNS Angiogenesis
6.12. VEGF-A/NRP1 Signaling Promotes Contralateral Axon Projection across the Optic Chiasm
6.13. VEGF-A Signals through NRP1 to Promote Neuronal Migration
6.14. Semaphorin Signaling through NRP1 Impairs CNS, but not PNS Regeneration
6.15. VEGF Signaling through NRP1 Promotes Survival of Developing Neurons
6.16. Neuropilin in Synaptogenesis and Plasticity
6.17. Outlook
Chapter 7. Growth and Neurotrophic Factor Receptors in Neural Differentiation and Phenotype Specification
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Neurotrophins
7.3. Nerve Growth Factor
7.4. Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor
7.5. Neurotrophin-3
7.6. Epidermal Growth Factor
7.7. Fibroblast Growth Factor
7.8. Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor
7.9. Insulin-like Growth Factor
7.10. Conclusion
Chapter 8. Glycolipid Antigens in Neural Stem Cells
8.1. Introduction
8.2. Stage-Specific Embryonic Antigen-1 (CD15)
8.3. SSEA-4
8.4. GD3 Ganglioside
8.5. 9-O-acetyl GD3
8.6. GM1 Ganglioside
8.7. The C-series Gangliosides
8.8. GalCer and Sulfatide
8.9. Sialosyl Galactosylceramide
8.10. Phosphatidylglucoside
8.11. Conclusions and Prospective Studies
Chapter 9. NG2 (Cspg4): Cell Surface Proteoglycan on Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells in the Developing and Mature Nervous System
9.1. Introduction
9.2. The Structure of NG2
9.3. Expression of NG2 in the Nervous System
9.4. The Role of NG2 in Cell Attachment and Migration
9.5. The Role of NG2 in Axon–NG2 Cell Interactions
9.6. The Role of NG2 in Cell Proliferation
9.7. The Role of NG2 in Intracellular Signaling
9.8. Concluding Remarks
Chapter 10. Comprehensive Overview of CD133 Biology in Neural Tissues across Species
10.1. Introduction
10.2. Cell Biology of CD133 Protein in the Nervous System
10.3. Compartmentalization of CD133 in Mammalian Neural Tissues
10.4. CD133+ Neural Stem and Progenitor Cells across Species
10.5. CD133+ Cells and Regeneration
10.6. CD133 and Neural Diseases
10.7. CD133 and Photoreceptor Neuron Morphogenesis
Chapter 11. Fundamentals of NCAM Expression, Function, and Regulation of Alternative Splicing in Neuronal Differentiation
11.1. Introduction
11.2. NCAM Gene and Alternative Splicing Isoforms
11.3. Molecular Structure and Function of NCAM
11.4. Alternative Splicing Regulation
11.5. Chromatin Structure Regulates Alternative Splicing
11.6. Background in NCAM Alternative Splicing Regulation
11.7. Regulation of NCAM Alternative Splicing by Chromatin Changes in Neuronal Differentiation
11.8. Conclusions
Chapter 12. Role of the Clustered Protocadherins in Promoting Neuronal Diversity and Function
12.1. Introduction
12.2. The Cadherin Superfamily and the Clustered Pcdhs
12.3. Genomic Structures of the Clustered Pcdh Genes
12.4. Gene Expression of the Clustered Pcdhs
12.5. Gene Regulation of the Clustered Pcdhs
12.6. Cell Adhesion Activity of the Clustered Pcdhs
12.7. Cell Signaling Mediated by the Clustered Pcdhs
12.8. Roles of Clustered Pcdhs in the Nervous System
12.9. Conclusions
Chapter 13. ß1-Integrin Function and Interplay during Enteric Nervous System Development
13.1. Introduction
13.2. Functions of the ECM and Integrins during ENS Development
13.3. Effectors of the Integrin Signaling Pathway during ENS Development
13.4. β1-Integrin Crosstalk with ENS Genes and N-Cadherin during ENS Development
13.5. Control of Integrin Gene Expression
13.6. Conclusion
Chapter 14. Neural Flow Cytometry – A Historical Account from a Personal Perspective
14.1. Surface Markers on Neural Progenitor Cells
14.2. CD15
14.3. CD133
14.4. GD2 Ganglioside
14.5. Tetraspanins: CD9 and CD81
14.6. MHC
14.7. Fas/CD95
14.8. Retinal Progenitor Cells
14.9. Further Studies of Surface Markers
14.10. Conclusions
Chapter 15. Multimarker Flow Cytometric Characterization, Isolation and Differentiation of Neural Stem Cells and Progenitors of the Normal and Injured Mouse Subventricular Zone
15.1. Introduction
15.2. Neural Stem Cells and Progenitors
15.3. Flow Cytometric Studies on Neural Precursors – Technical Considerations
15.4. Flow Cytometry Studies of the Fetal Mouse Forebrain
15.5. Studies Using Flow Cytometry on the Neonatal SVZ
15.6. Studies Using Flow Cytometry on the Adult SVZ
15.7. Using Flow Cytometry to Evaluate Effects of Cytokines and Growth Factors on Neural Precursors
15.8. Using Flow Cytometry to Evaluate Effects of Neurological Injuries and Diseases on Neural Precursors
15.9. Using Flow Cytometry to Better Understand Glioblastoma
15.10. Conclusion
Chapter 16. Multiparameter Flow Cytometry Applications for Analyzing and Isolating Neural Cell Populations Derived from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells
16.1. Introduction
16.2. Methods for Neural Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells
16.3. Cell Surface Signatures for Neural Cell Isolation from Pluripotent Stem Cells
16.4. Neural Applications for Multiparameter Flow Cytometry
16.5. Cell Transplantation
16.6. The Detection of Intracellular Antigens by Flow Cytometry
16.7. The Utility of Flow Cytometry for Analyzing Human PSC-Derived Neural Cells
16.9. Pluripotent Stem Cells and Their Derivatives
16.10. Adult Stem Cells
16.11. Cancer Stem Cells
16.12. Conclusions and Future Considerations
Chapter 17. Flow-Cytometric Identification and Characterization of Neural Brain Tumor-Initiating Cells for Pathophysiological Study and Biomedical Applications
17.1. Introduction to Neural Stem Cells
17.2. Tumors of the Central Nervous System
17.3. Cancer Stem-Cell Hypothesis
17.4. Brain Tumor Initiating Cells
17.5. Identification of Neural Surface Antigens
17.6. Flow-Cytometric Identification and Characterization
17.7. Limitations of Current CSC Markers
17.8. Applications of Functional BTIC Assays
17.9. Conclusion
Chapter 18. Using Cell Surface Signatures to Dissect Neoplastic Neural Cell Heterogeneity in Pediatric Brain Tumors
18.1. Cell Surface Markers to Distinguish Heterogeneity in the Neural Lineage Hierarchy
18.2. Medulloblastoma: An Example of Genomic, Molecular, and Cellular Heterogeneity
18.3. The CSC Hypothesis and Brain Tumors
18.4. In Search of New Markers: The Case for CD271/p75NTR
18.5. CD271: Its Role in Neurodevelopment and Progenitor/Stem Cell Function
18.6. Extending beyond CD133: Using High-Throughput Flow Cytometry to Identify Novel Markers of Neural Tumor Cell Phenotypes
18.7. Clinical Implications of Cell Surface Signatures in MB and Other Brain Tumor Pathologies
Chapter 19. Synopsis and Epilogue: Neural Surface Antigen Studies in Biology and Biomedicine—What We Have Learned and What the Future May Hold
19.1. Introduction
19.2. Progress in Neural Stem Cell and Cancer Biology Hinges Upon Understanding Cell–Cell Interactions
19.3. Neural Flow Cytometry and Cell Isolation Are Tricky, but Feasible
19.4. Neural Surface Antigens Are Critical Mediators of Cellular Crosstalk in Neurobiology
19.5. Expression of Even Some of the Better-Characterized Neural Surface Antigens Is Exceedingly Complex
19.6. Toward an Integrated View of Neural Surface Antigen Signaling
19.7. Neural Surface Antigens Serve as Valuable Markers for Cell Analysis and Cell Selection
19.8. What’s Around the Corner?
19.9. Conclusion
Index
No. of pages: 254
Language: English
Edition: 1
Published: March 23, 2015
Imprint: Academic Press
Hardback ISBN: 9780128007815
eBook ISBN: 9780128011263
JP
Jan Pruszak
Dr. Jan Pruszak obtained his medical degree from Hannover Medical School in Germany and went on to pursue postdoctoral training at Harvard Medical School, with Dr. Ole Isacson at the Center for Neuroregeneration Research, and at the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, with Dr. Thijn Brummelkamp. From 2007 to 2010 he held an academic appointment as an Instructor at Harvard Medical School and was an affiliated faculty member of the Harvard Stem Cell Institute. Since early 2011, he has been a research group leader at the University of Freiburg, Germany leading research in the regulation of growth and neural lineage specification of stem cells, in the context of developmental biology and regenerative medicine.
Affiliations and expertise
Emmy Noether-Group for Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany