Natural Aerodynamics

Preface1 Inertia Forces Newton's Laws and the Pressure Gradient Pressure Gradient Continuity Confluence and Convergence The Importance of Sound Bernoulli's Theorem Points of Stagnation Efficiency of Catch Dynamic Soaring Large Air Bubbles in Water General Form of the Law of Fluid Motion2 Motion on a Rotating Earth The Deviating Force The Relationship Between Pressure and Wind Motion in the Upper Air Sutcliffe's Development Theorems Fronts3 Vorticity Distortion and Rotation of a Fluid The Vorticity Vector and Vortex Lines Motion in a Teacup Properties of Vorticity The Production of Vortex Filaments Production of Vorticity in the Atmosphere by Gravity Vortex Rings Straight Line Vortices Vortex Pair Vorticity on a Rotating Earth Secondary Flow Instability of a Vortex Sheet4 Viscosity Stresses and Strains Kinetic Theory of Viscosity: Transfer of Momentum The Reynolds Number Similarity Efficiency of Catch The Boundary Condition in Viscous Flow The Conduction of Vorticity by Viscosity Flow at Low Reynolds Numbers5 Boundary Layers Flow at Moderate Reynolds Numbers Diffusion of a Vortex Sheet The Growth of the Boundary Layer on a Flat Plate Diffusion Through Boundary Layers The Basis of Boundary Layer Theory Separation of the Boundary Layer The Growth and Diminution of Boundary Layers Cavitation and Salient Edges Separation at Bends and Corners6 Wakes and Turbulence Flow at Large Reynolds Numbers The Drag Coefficient Some Properties of Wakes The Definition of Turbulence; Decay The Reynolds Stresses Isotropic Turbulence The Problem of Defining the Mean Flow Turbulence Near Boundaries Turbulence in a Stably Stratified Fluid Theodorsen's Horseshoes in Boundary Layer Spaghetti Forced and Free Convection Clear Air Turbulence in the Jet Stream7 Buoyant Convection Slow Convection Convection Streets Penetrative Convection Thermals in the Atmosphere Natural Exploitation of Atmospheric Thermals8 Plumes and Jets Pure Jets, or Momentum Plumes Pure Buoyant Plumes Transition from a Jet to a Buoyant Plume Jet in a Smooth Crosswind Buoyant Plume in a Smooth Crosswind Plumes in Turbulent Crosswinds Sutton's Theory Effective Stack Height Diurnal Variations in Plume Behaviour The Behaviour of a Plume Near the Orifice Plumes as Natural Phenomena9 Air Waves Explosion Waves Tidal Waves; The Theory of Resonance Mountain Waves Travelling Waves Waves Produced by Thermals Noise in Nature10 Clouds and Fallout The Energy of Water Convection in a Stable Environment The Transformation of Thin Layer Clouds Fallout Tides in the Atmosphere Thunderstorms11 Philosophy of Method The Mathematician's Method Physics: The Method of Dimensional Coefficients The Geographers method Dimensional Analysis: Numerical Coefficients The Method of Small Perturbations Formulae for Plume Dispersion: The Dangers of Extra-Polation The Sense in a QuestionProblems and Experiments for DiscussionIndex