Mycorrhizal Mediation of Soil

Chapter 1. Mycorrhizas: At the Interface of Biological, Soil, and Earth Sciences

• 1.1. Successful Coexistence of Plants and Fungi
• 1.2. Mycorrhizal Research: Past, Present, and Future
• 1.3. Goals and Objectives

Section I. Mycorrhizal Mediation of Soil Development

Chapter 2. Mycorrhizal Symbioses and Pedogenesis Throughout Earth’s History

• 2.1. The Importance of Reciprocal Effects of Plant–Mycorrhiza–Soil Interactions in the Evolution and Assembly of Terrestrial Ecosystems
• 2.2. Plants and Mycorrhizas as Agents of Pedogenesis: Coupling Plant Photosynthate Energy to the Actions of Fungal Mycelial Networks
• 2.3. Evolutionary Origins of Plants and Mycorrhizas
• 2.4. Coevolution of Plants, Mycorrhizas, and Photosynthate-Driven Weathering and Pedogenesis
• 2.5. Feedback Between Plant-Driven Pedogenesis, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, and the Evolution of Plants and Mycorrhizal Functioning
• 2.6. Conclusions

Chapter 3. Role of Mycorrhizal Symbiosis in Mineral Weathering and Nutrient Mining from Soil Parent Material

• 3.1. Introduction
• 3.2. Mechanisms of Mineral Weathering
• 3.3. Fungal Weathering in the Laboratory
• 3.4. From Laboratory to Field
• 3.5. Conclusions and Future Research Directions

Chapter 4. Mycorrhizal Interactions With Climate, Soil Parent Material, and Topography

• 4.1. Introduction
• 4.2. Mycorrhizal Interactions With Climate
• 4.3. Mycorrhizal Interactions With Parent Material
• 4.4. Mycorrhizal Interactions With Topography
• 4.5. Conclusions

Chapter 5. Mycorrhizas Across Successional Gradients

• 5.1. Succession
• 5.2. Succession in Mycorrhizal Fungal Communities
• 5.3. Habitat Drivers
• 5.4. Plant Drivers
• 5.5. Fungal Drivers
• 5.6. Interacting Drivers

Section II. Mycorrhizal Mediation of Soil Fertility

Chapter 6. Introduction: Perspectives on Mycorrhizas and Soil Fertility

• 6.1. Introduction
• 6.2. Contributions of Mycorrhizal Fungi to Soil Fertility
• 6.3. Soil Fertility Influences Mycorrhizal Fungi
• 6.4. Principles for Management of Mycorrhizal Fungi for Soil Fertility
• 6.5. Looking Forward

Chapter 7. Fungal and Plant Tools for the Uptake of Nutrients in Arbuscular Mycorrhizas: A Molecular View

• 7.1. Introduction
• 7.2. Nitrogen Nutrition Within Arbuscular Mycorrhizas
• 7.3. Phosphate Transport in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis
• 7.4. Sulfur Metabolism and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis
• 7.5. From Root to Shoot and Back: Evidence for a Systemic Signaling and Gene Regulation in Mycorrhizal Plants
• 7.6. Perspectives and Conclusions

Chapter 8. Accessibility of Inorganic and Organic Nutrients for Mycorrhizas

• 8.1. Introduction
• 8.2. Movement of Phosphate and Nitrate Ions to Roots
• 8.3. Inorganic Phosphorus and Nitrogen Acquisition by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi
• 8.4. Inorganic Phosphorus and Nitrogen Acquisition by Ectomycorrhizal Fungi
• 8.5. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Organic Nutrient Forms
• 8.6. Ectomycorrhizal Fungi and Organic Nutrient Forms
• 8.7. Conclusions

Chapter 9. Mycorrhizas as Nutrient and Energy Pumps of Soil Food Webs: Multitrophic Interactions and Feedbacks

• 9.1. Introduction
• 9.2. Mycorrhizas and Saprotrophs
• 9.3. Mycorrhizas and Herbivores
• 9.4. Mycorrhizas and Fungivores
• 9.5. Mycorrhizas and Bacterivores
• 9.6. Mycorrhizas and Higher Trophic Levels
• 9.7. The Way Forward

Chapter 10. Implications of Past, Current, and Future Agricultural Practices for Mycorrhiza-Mediated Nutrient Flux

• 10.1. Introduction
• 10.2. Agriculture in the Past
• 10.3. Modern Agriculture
• 10.4. Agriculture in the Future
• 10.5. Conclusion

Chapter 11. Integrating Ectomycorrhizas Into Sustainable Management of Temperate Forests

• 11.1. Introduction
• 11.2. Harvesting Systems
• 11.3. Stand Reestablishment
• 11.4. Seedling Production
• 11.5. Stand Management
• 11.6. Conclusions

Chapter 12. Mycorrhizal Mediation of Soil Fertility Amidst Nitrogen Eutrophication and Climate Change

• 12.1. Introduction
• 12.2. Mechanisms of Mycorrhizal Nutrition and Stoichiometry
• 12.3. Nutrient Uptake and Mycorrhizal Fungi: the Basics
• 12.4. Mycorrhizas and Global Change
• 12.5. Mycorrhizas and Nitrogen Deposition
• 12.6. What is Needed? A Stoichiometric Challenge

Section III. Mycorrhizal Mediation of Soil Structure And Soil-Plant Water Relations

Chapter 13. Introduction: Mycorrhizas and Soil Structure, Moisture, and Salinity

• 13.1. Introduction
• 13.2. Soil Structure
• 13.3. Soil Salinity
• 13.4. Soil Moisture

Chapter 14. Mycorrhizas and Soil Aggregation

• 14.1. Introduction: Soil Aggregation, Its Component Processes, and Significance of Soil Structure
• 14.2. Evidence for Involvement of Different Types of Mycorrhizas in Soil Aggregation
• 14.3. Mechanisms of Soil Aggregation
• 14.4. Relative Importance of MycorrhizaS
• 14.5. Avenues and Needs for Future Research

Chapter 15. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Soil Salinity

• 15.1. Introduction
• 15.2. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Salt Stress
• 15.3. Salinity in Combination with Drought and Warming
• 15.4. Studies of Salinity Responses of Indigenous Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi
• 15.5. Plant Root Properties, Mycorrhizal Fungi and Salinity Stress
• 15.6. Signaling, Mycorrhizal Fungi, and Salinity Stress
• 15.7. Tripartite Interactions and Salinity Stress
• 15.8. Agronomical Consequences of Using Mycorrhizal Fungi in Saline Fields
• 15.9. Conclusions and Future Perspectives

Chapter 16. Mycorrhizas, Drought, and Host-Plant Mortality

• 16.1. Introduction
• 16.2. Mycorrhizas, Plants, and Drought
• 16.3. Drought-Related Host Mortality and Consequences for Mycorrhizas

Chapter 17. Soil Water Retention and Availability as Influenced by Mycorrhizal Symbiosis: Consequences for Individual Plants, Communities, and Ecosystems

• 17.1. Introduction
• 17.2. Influence of Vegetation on Soil Hydraulic Properties
• 17.3. Mycorrhizal Fungal Influence on Soil Hydraulic Properties: Review of Published Evidence
• 17.4. Mycorrhizal Fungal Role in Hydraulic Redistribution and Hydraulic Connectivity in the Vadose Zone
• 17.5. Mycorrhizal Fungal Role in Reducing Soil Erosion
• 17.6. Consequences for Individual Plants, Communities, and Ecosystems, and Implications for Terrestrial Ecosystems Response to Global Change
• 17.7. Knowledge Gaps, Research Needs, and Future Research Directions

Chapter 18. Mycorrhizal Networks and Forest Resilience to Drought

• 18.1. Introduction
• 18.2. Forest Resilience
• 18.3. The Role of Mycorrhizas in Water Uptake
• 18.4. Mycorrhizal Networks and Their Role in Hydraulic Redistribution and Drought Responses
• 18.5. Rooting Depth
• 18.6. The Role of Drought in Global Forest Decline
• 18.7. Climate Change Projections for Drought Effects on Forests and the Domino Effect
• 18.8. Incorporating Mycorrhizal Networks in Forest Management
• 18.9. Knowledge Gaps and Future Research Directions
• 18.10. Conclusions

Section IV. Mycorrhizal Mediation of Ecosystem Carbon Fluxes and Soil Carbon Storage

Chapter 19. Introduction: Mycorrhizas and the Carbon Cycle

• 19.1. The Carbon Cycle
• 19.2. The Key Role of the SOM in Soil Processes
• 19.3. Position of Mycorrhizal Fungi Within the Soil Food Webs
• 19.4. Mycorrhizal Symbiosis and the Soil C Cycling
• 19.5. Functional Diversity in Mycorrhizal Symbioses with Respect to C Cycling
• 19.6. Open Questions, Experimental Challenges

Chapter 20. Carbon and Energy Sources of Mycorrhizal Fungi: Obligate Symbionts or Latent Saprotrophs?

• 20.1. Introduction
• 20.2. Two Concepts of Saprotrophy
• 20.3. Phylogenetic Evidence
• 20.4. Enzymatic Evidence
• 20.5. Carbon Signatures
• 20.6. Ectomycorrhizal Fungi Involved
• 20.7. Nonenzymatic Nutrient Mining by Ectomycorrhizal Fungi
• 20.8. Stoichiometric Considerations
• 20.9. Modeling Studies
• 20.10. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi
• 20.11. Saprotrophic Capabilities of Ectomycorrhizal Fungi: The Way Forward

Chapter 21. Magnitude, Dynamics, and Control of the Carbon Flow to Mycorrhizas

• 21.1. Introduction
• 21.2. How Does the Physiology and Magnitude of Plant-to-Fungus C Flow Depend on Mycorrhizal Functional Group?
• 21.3. How Does C Availability (CO2 and Shading) Influence the CARBON Flux Between Plant and Mycorrhizal Fungal Communities?
• 21.4. To What Extent Is the CARBON Flow between Plant and Symbiotic Fungal Partners Regulated by Reciprocal Nutrient Exchange?
• 21.5. Conclusions

Chapter 22. Trading Carbon Between Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Their Hyphae-Associated Microbes

• 22.1. Mycorrhizas and Hyphae-Associated Microbes
• 22.2. Carbon Allocation From Mycorrhizal Fungi to the Hyphae-Associated Microbes in the Hyphosphere
• 22.3. Involvement of the Hyphae-Associated Microbes in Nutrient Cycling and Carbon Transformation in the Hyphosphere
• 22.4. Dynamics of the Mycorrhizosphere Associations Under Fluctuating Environmental Conditions
• 22.5. Unresolved Questions on Trading Carbon and Nutrient Between Mycorrhizas and Hyphae-Associated Microbes

Chapter 23. Immobilization of Carbon in Mycorrhizal Mycelial Biomass and Secretions

• 23.1. Introduction
• 23.2. Mycelial Biomass Production and Turnover
• 23.3. Secretions of Mycorrhizal Mycelia
• 23.4. Necromass Properties and Decomposition
• 23.5. Incorporation Into Stable Carbon
• 23.6. Conclusions

Chapter 24. Mycorrhizal Interactions With Saprotrophs and Impact on Soil Carbon Storage

• 24.1. Introduction
• 24.2. Mycorrhizal Fungi As a Source of C in Soil
• 24.3. Competition for Nutrients and Habitat
• 24.4. Interactions Among Mycorrhizal Fungi, Soil Fauna, and Soil Organic Carbon
• 24.5. Conclusion

Chapter 25. Biochar—Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Interaction in Temperate Soils

• 25.1. Introduction
• 25.2. Biochar and Mycorrhizas
• 25.3. Biochar Influences Mycorrhizal Colonization via Its Effects on Soil Properties
• 25.4. Biochar Influences Plant Response to Mycorrhizal Colonization via Its Impact on the Level of Plant Stress
• 25.5. Conclusions

Chapter 26. Integrating Mycorrhizas Into Global Scale Models: A Journey Toward Relevance in the Earth’s Climate System

• 26.1. Introduction
• 26.2. Existing Model Frameworks
• 26.3. Critical Mycorrhizal Functions for Terrestrial Biosphere Models
• 26.4. Mycorrhizal Fungi as Trait Integrators
• 26.5. Challenges Moving Forward
• 26.6. Conclusion