Metal Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery and Diagnostic Applications

1. Metal nanoparticles toxicity: role of physicochemical aspects 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Mechanisms of metallic nanoparticles toxicity 2

1.3 Effect of physicochemical properties on toxicity of metallic nanoparticles 3

1.4 Conclusion 9

References 9

2. Erythrocytes modified (coated) gold nanoparticles for effective drug delivery 13

2.1 Introduction 13

2.2 Nanotechnology and their advancement 14

2.3 Nanosize passage from micro to nanoparticles 15

2.4 Why modern therapeutics diverging to nanoscales? 17

2.5 Nanomaterials and their exploded applications 17

2.6 Metallic nanoparticles 18

2.7 Cells based drug delivery system 18

2.8 Blood cells based derived drug delivery system 20

2.9 Gold nanoparticles 21

2.10 Erythrocytes modified (coated) gold nanoparticles cargo 23

2.11 Application of erythrocytes coated gold nanoparticles 26

2.12 Conclusion 26

References 27

3. Biosynthesized metal nanoparticles as potential Alzheimer’s disease therapeutics 31

3.1 Introduction 31

3.2 Mechanisms and popular hypothesis of Alzheimer’s disease 32

3.3 Neurodegenerative disorders and status of Alzheimer’s disease 33

3.4 Epidemiology/prevalence, continent-based statistics of Alzheimer’s disease 33

3.5 Present therapeutic issues, concerns, disadvantages of Alzheimer’s disease therapies 34

3.6 Nanomedicines for Alzheimer’s disease with specific reference to the metal nanoparticles 36

3.7 Biogenic nanoparticles as promising Alzheimer’s disease theranostic agents 37

3.8 Conclusion and future prospects 39

References 39

4. Gold nanoparticles in cancer diagnosis and therapy 43

4.1 Introduction 43

4.2 Gold nanoparticles 45

4.3 Gold nanoparticles in cancer therapy and diagnosis 46

4.4 Gold nanoparticles in clinical trials 52

4.5 Safety concerns of gold nanoparticles 52

4.6 Conclusion 53

References 53

5. Gold nanorods: new generation drug delivery platform 59

5.1 Introduction 59

5.2 Optical properties 61

5.3 Synthesis 62

5.4 Catalytic method 69

5.5 Self-assembly of gold nanorods 69

5.6 Gold nanorods applications in diagnostics 71

5.7 Gold nanorod applications in drug delivery 75

5.8 Conclusion 79

References 80

6. Surface engineered gold nanorods: intelligent delivery system for cancer therapy 85

6.1 Introduction 85

6.2 Nanotechnology 87

6.3 Conclusion 94

References 95

7. Role of gold- and silver-based nanoparticles in stem cells differentiation 99

7.1 Introduction 99

7.2 Effect on osteogenic differentiation 100

7.3 Effect on chondrogenic differentiation 103

7.4 Effect on adipogenic differentiation 104

7.5 Role of nanoparticles in neuronal differentiation 105

7.6 Role of nanoparticles in cardiac differentiation 105

7.7 Effect on stem cells growth and proliferation 106

7.8 Effect on reactive oxygen species 107

7.9 Nanoparticles in wound healing 108

7.10 Nanoparticles in cancer stem cells 109

7.11 Cytotoxicity of nanoparticles on stem cells 111

7.12 Conclusion 112

References 112

8. Nanosilver at the interface of biomedical applications, toxicology, and synthetic strategies 119

8.1 Ag nanomaterials 120

8.2 Synthetic strategies of silver nanomaterials 123

8.3 Characterization 125

8.4 Biomedical applications of silver nanomaterials 127

8.5 Toxicology of silver nanomaterials 129

8.6 Summary and future perspectives 134

References 134

9. Silver nanoparticles: a promising nanoplatform for targeted delivery of therapeutics and optimized therapeutic efficacy 141

9.1 Introduction 141

9.2 Biomedical applications of silver nanoparticles 143

9.3 Summary and future prospects 163

Acknowledgment 165

References 165

Further reading 173

10. Bactericidal potentials of silver nanoparticles: novel aspects against multidrug resistance bacteria 175

10.1 Introduction 175

10.2 Mechanisms for bacterial antibiotic resistance 176

10.3 Silver nanoparticles 177

10.4 Antibacterial spectrum of silver nanoparticles 178

10.5 Antibacterial spectrum of silver nanoparticles against multidrug resistance bacteria 179

10.6 Mechanisms of silver nanoparticles bactericidal activity 180

10.7 Conclusion 184

References 184

11. Magnetic nanoparticles: drug delivery and bioimaging applications 189

11.1 Introduction 189

11.2 Synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles 193

11.3 Drug delivery and bioimaging applications 197

11.4 Conclusion 207

References 208

12. Surface functionalized magnetic nanoparticles for targeted cancer therapy and diagnosis 215

12.1 Introduction 216

12.2 Considerations for magnetic nanoparticles design 217

12.3 Functionalization of target specific magnetic nanoparticles 220

12.4 Surface functionalization chemistry 225

12.5 Magnetic nanoparticles targeting strategies and diagnosis 228

12.6 Conclusion 231

References 232

Further reading 236

13. Clinical implications of metals-based drug-delivery systems 237

13.1 Nanotechnology: an introduction 237

13.2 Types of nanoparticles 238

13.3 Biomedical applications of metal nanoparticles 243

13.4 Drawbacks of nanoparticles in drug-delivery system 251

13.5 Conclusion 252

References 253

14. pH-sensitive drug delivery systems 259

14.1 Introduction 259

14.2 Classification of pH-sensitive drug delivery systems 261

14.3 Synthesis of pH-sensitive drug delivery systems 268

14.4 Structure and architecture of pH-sensitive drug delivery systems 269

14.5 Applications of pH-sensitive drug delivery systems at different levels 271

14.6 Conclusion 275

References 276

15. Ionic liquid

15.1 Introduction 280