Medical Physiology for Undergraduate Students, 2nd Updated Edition

2nd Edition - May 12, 2020
Authors: Indu Khurana, Arushi Khurana
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 8 1 - 3 1 2 - 6 2 5 7 - 3
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 8 1 - 3 1 2 - 6 2 5 8 - 0

Encouraged by the response to the first edition, this edition highlights the essential and relevant content of physiology with complete and balanced exposition of text with ab… Read more

Medical Physiology for Undergraduate Students, 2nd Updated Edition

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Encouraged by the response to the first edition, this edition highlights the essential and relevant content of physiology with complete and balanced exposition of text with absolute clarity. With the balanced amalgamation of pure and applied text, authors aspire it to be an indispensable text for undergraduates and an authentic reference source for candidates preparing for PG entrance.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Dedication
Preface
Competency map
Section 1. General Physiology
Introduction
1.1 Functional organization, composition and internal environment of human body
Functional organization of the human body
Body composition
Internal environment and homeostasis
1.2 The cell physiology
Cell structure PY1.1
The cell membrane
Intercellular junctions PY1.3
1.3 Transport through cell membrane
Passive transport PY1.5
Active transport PY1.5
Vesicular transport PY1.5
Other transport processes PY1.5
1.4 Membrane potential
Introduction
Genesis of membrane potential PY1.8
Recording of membrane potential
1.5 Genetics: An overview
Structural and functional characteristics of substrate for genetics
Applied genetics
Section 2. Nerve Muscle Physiology
Introduction
2.1 The nerve
Functional anatomy
Biological activities
Electrical properties of nerve fibre
Nerve fibre types PY3.2
Degeneration and regeneration of neurons PY3.3
Factors promoting neuronal growth PY3.1
2.2 Neuromuscular junction
Structure of neuromuscular junction PY3.4
Neuromuscular transmission PY3.4
Drugs affecting and disorders of neuromuscular junction
2.3 Skeletal muscle
Introduction PY3.7
Functional anatomy and organization PY3.7
Process of muscle excitability and contractility PY3.8
Characteristics of muscle contractility
Some characteristics of the skeletal muscles in the intact body
Electromyography and common disorders of muscles
Source of energy and metabolic phenomenon during muscle contraction PY3.11
2.4 Smooth muscle and cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle
Comparison of skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles
Section 3. Blood and Immune System
Introduction
3.1 Plasma and plasma proteins
Plasma
Plasma proteins PY2.2
3.2 Red blood cells and anaemias
Characteristic features of red blood cells
Formation of red blood cells PY2.4
Haemoglobin PY2.3
Red cell fragility PY2.3
Life span and fate of red blood cells PY2.3
Bilirubin and jaundice PY2.3, PY2.5
Anaemias PY2.5
3.3 White blood cells
Types of white blood cells and their counts
Formation of white blood cells PY2.6
Morphology, life span, functions and variations in counts of wbcs
3.4 Immune mechanisms
Architecture of immune system
Immunity PY2.10
Antigens
Antibodies
Development of immune response PY2.10
Other immune mechanism related aspects
3.5 Platelets, haemostasis and blood coagulation
Platelets PY2.7
Haemostasis PY2.8
Blood coagulation PY2.8
Antihaemostatic mechanisms PY2.8
Bleeding disorders PY2.8
3.6 Blood groups and blood transfusion
Blood groups PY2.9
Blood transfusion PY2.9
Section 4. Cardiovascular System
Introduction
4.1 Functional anatomy of heart and physiology of cardiac muscle
Functional anatomy of heart PY5.1
Physiology of cardiac muscle
4.2 Origin and spread of cardiac impulse and electrocardiography
Origin and spread of cardiac impulse
Electrocardiography
4.3 Heart as a pump: Cardiac cycle, cardiac output and venous return
Cardiac cycle PY5.3
Cardiac output and venous return
4.4 Dynamics of circulation: Pressure and flow of blood and lymph
Introduction
Functional organization and structure of vascular system PY5.7
Haemodynamics PY5.7
Pressure and flow-in various functional segments of systemic vascular tree
Blood pressure
4.5 Cardiovascular regulation
Introduction PY5.8
Neural control mechanisms PY5.8
Humoral control mechanisms PY5.8
Local control mechanisms PY5.8
4.6 Regional circulation
Introduction
Coronary circulation PY5.10
Cerebral circulation PY5.10
Cutaneous circulation PY5.10
Skeletal muscle circulation
Splanchnic circulation PY5.10
4.7 Cardiovascular homeostasis in health and disease
Cardiovascular homeostasis in health
Cardiovascular homeostasis in diseases
Section 5. Respiratory System
Introduction
5.1 Respiratory tract: Structure and functions
Functional anatomy PY6.1
Functions of respiratory system
5.2 Pulmonary ventilation
Introduction
Mechanics of pulmonary ventilation PY6.2
Lung volumes and capacities PY6.2
Pulmonary elastance and compliance PY6.2
Work of breathing
5.3 Pulmonary circulation
Functional anatomy
Characteristic features of pulmonary circulation
Functions of pulmonary circulation
Regulation of pulmonary blood flow
5.4 Pulmonary diffusion
Introduction
Physics of gas diffusion and gas partial pressures
Alveolar ventilation
Alveolar ventilation–perfusion ratio PY6.2
Alveolar air
Diffusion of gases through the respiratory membrane
5.5 Transport of gases
Transport of oxygen PY6.3
Transport of carbon dioxide PY6.3
5.6 Regulation of respiration
Introduction
Neural regulation of respiration
Chemical regulation of respiration
5.7 Respiration: Applied aspects
Introduction
Respiratory adjustments to stresses in health
Disturbances of respiration
High-altitude physiology
Physiology of high atmospheric pressure PY6.4
Artificial respiration and cardiopulmonary resuscitation PY6.5, PY11.14
Pulmonary function tests
5.8 Physiology of exercise
Introduction
Responses to exercise PY3.15, PY11.8
Effects of training PY11.4
Section 6. Excretory System
Introduction
6.1 Kidneys: Functional anatomy and blood flow
Functional anatomy of kidneys PY7.1
Renal blood flow
6.2 Mechanism of urine formation: Glomerular filtration and tubular transport
Introduction
Glomerular filtration PY7.3
Tubular reabsorption and secretion PY7.3
6.3 Concentration, dilution and acidification of urine
Concentration and dilution of urine: A mechanism to regulate urine volume and osmolality PY7.3
Acidification of urine
6.4 Regulation of body fluid osmolality, composition and volume
Introduction
Body fluid compartments PY7.5
Control of body fluid osmolality
Regulation of extracellular fluid volume and composition PY7.5
Disturbances of volume and concentration of body fluid
6.5 Physiology of acid–base balance
General considerations
Maintenance of blood pH PY1.7, PY7.5
Acid–base disorders
6.6 Applied renal physiology including renal function tests
Pathophysiology of common renal disorders
Diuretics
Renal function tests PY7.8
Dialysis and renal transplantation PY7.7
6.7 Physiology of micturition
Urinary bladder and urethra PY7.6
Physiology of micturition PY7.6
Abnormalities of micturition
Section 7. Gastrointestinal System
Introduction
7.1 Functional anatomy and general principles of functions of gastrointestinal system
Functional anatomy PY4.1
General principles of gastrointestinal functions PY4.3
7.2 Physiological activities in mouth, pharynx and esophagus
Introduction
Mastication
Lubrication of food by saliva PY4.2
Deglutition (swallowing) PY4.3
7.3 Physiological activities in stomach
Functional anatomy
Physiology of gastric secretion PY4.2
Physiology of gastric motility PY4.3
Functions of stomach PY4.3
Applied aspects
7.4 Pancreas, liver and gall bladder
Pancreas
Liver and gall bladder
7.5 Physiological activities in small intestine
Functional anatomy
Small intestinal secretions PY4.2
Motility of small intestine PY4.3
Functions of small intestine
Applied aspects
7.6 Physiological activities in large intestine
Functional anatomy
Large intestinal secretions and bacterial activity
Motility of large intestine
Defaecation
Functions of large intestine
Applied aspects
7.7 Digestion and absorption
Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates PY4.4
Digestion and absorption of proteins PY4.4
Digestion and absorption of fats PY4.4
Absorption of water, electrolytes, minerals and vitamins PY4.4
Applied aspects
Section 8. Endocrinal System
Introduction
8.1 General principles of endocrinal system
Hormones: Definition and classification
Hormones: General considerations
Hormone: Receptors and mechanism of action PY8.6
Measurement of hormones
8.2 Endocrinal functions of hypothalamus and pituitary gland
Introduction and functional anatomy
Endocrinal aspects of hypothalamus PY8.2
Anterior pituitary hormones PY8.2
Posterior pituitary hormones PY8.2
8.3 Thyroid gland
Functional anatomy
Thyroid hormones PY8.2
Applied aspects of thyroid hormones PY8.2
8.4 Endocrinal control of calcium metabolism and bone physiology
Introduction
Calcium, phosphorus and magnesium metabolism
Bone physiology PY8.1
Calcitropic hormones PY8.2
Applied aspects PY8.2
8.5 Adrenal glands
Functional anatomy
Hormones of adrenal cortex PY8.2
Applied aspects PY8.2
Hormones of adrenal medulla PY8.2
8.6 Pancreatic and gastrointestinal hormones
Endocrine pancreas PY8.2
Applied aspects PY8.2
Gastrointestinal hormones
8.7 Endocrinal functions of other organs and local hormones
Hormones of the heart
Hormones of the kidney
Pineal gland PY8.3
Thymus PY8.3
Local hormones
Section 9. Reproductive System
Introduction
9.1 Sexual growth and development
Pre-pubertal sexual growth and development
Puberty and adolescence PY9.2
9.2 Male reproductive physiology
An overview of male reproductive system PY9.3
Functional anatomy of testes PY9.3
Functions of testes PY9.3
Applied aspects
9.3 Female reproductive physiology
An overview of female reproductive system PY9.4
Ovaries PY9.4
Female sexual cycle PY9.4, PY9.11
9.4 Physiology of pregnancy and parturition
Physiology of pregnancy PY9.8
Physiology of parturition PY9.8
9.5 Physiology of lactation
Functional anatomy of breast
Physiology of lactation PY9.8
9.6 Physiology of contraception
Introduction
Contraceptive methods in females PY9.6
Contraceptive methods in males PY9.6
Section 10. Nervous System
Introduction
Organization of nervous system PY10.1
Anatomical divisions of the nervous system
Functional divisions of the nervous system
Understanding the nervous system
10.1 Physiological anatomy, functions and lesions of spinal cord and brainstem
Physiological anatomy and functions of spinal cord PY10.6
Physiological anatomy and functions of brain stem
Tracts of spinal cord and brain stem PY10.3
Lesions of spinal cord PY10.6
10.2 Physiological anatomy, functions and lesions of cerebellum and basal ganglia
Cerebellum PY10.7
Basal ganglia PY10.7
10.3 Physiological anatomy, functions and lesions of thalamus and hypothalamus
Thalamus PY10.7
Hypothalamus PY10.7
10.4 Physiological anatomy and functions of cerebral cortex and white matter of cerebrum
Cerebral cortex PY10.7
White matter of cerebrum
10.5 Autonomic nervous system
Anatomical considerations
Physiological considerations PY10.5
Applied aspects
10.6 Meninges, cerebrospinal fluid, blood–brain barrier and cerebral blood flow
Meninges of the brain
Cerebrospinal fluid
Blood–brain barrier and blood–CSF barrier
Cerebral blood flow
10.7 Synaptic transmission
Synapse: Definition and types
Chemical synapse
Neurotransmitters
10.8 Somatosensory system
General sensory mechanism
Somatosensory system PY10.3
10.9 Somatic motor system
Introduction
Components of somatic motor control system
Skeletal muscles: The effector organ of somatic motor system
Reflex activity PY10.2
Regulation of posture
Vestibular apparatus and equilibrium PY10.4
10.10 Limbic system and physiology of emotional, behavioural and motivational mechanisms
Limbic system
Physiology of emotions PY10.7
Physiology of motivation
Physiological basis of psychotic disorders
10.11 Reticular formation, electrical activity of the brain, and alert behaviour and sleep
Reticular formation and reticular activating system PY10.5
Electrical activity of the brain
Wakefulness and sleep
10.12 Some higher functions of nervous system
Language and speech
Learning and memory
Higher intellectual functions of the prefrontal association cortex
Section 11. Special Senses
Introduction
11.1 Sense of vision
Introduction and functional anatomy PY10.17
The image forming mechanism PY10.17
Physiology of vision PY10.17
Field of vision and binocular vision PY10.20
Physiology of ocular motility
Aqueous humour and intraocular pressure
Physiology of pupil PY10.17
11.2 Sense of hearing
Functional anatomy PY10.15
Physiology of hearing PY10.15
Applied aspects
11.3 Chemical senses: Smell and taste
The sense of smell PY10.13
Sense of taste PY10.13, PY10.20
Section 12. Specialised Integrative Physiology
Introduction
12.1 Physiology of body temperature regulation
Body temperature PY11.1
Heat balance PY11.1
Regulation of body temperature PY11.1
Abnormalities of body temperature regulation PY11.3
12.2 Physiology of growth and behavioural development
Growth and development
Behavioural development
12.3 Physiology of fetus, neonate and childhood
Introduction
Role of placenta in fetal physiology
Systemic physiology of fetus, newborn and childhood PY5.10
12.4 Geriatric physiology
Introduction
Age-related changes in different organ systems PY11.7
Theories of ageing
Modulating the process of ageing
Index