Marine Concrete Structures

1. Introduction: Importance of marine concrete structures and durability design

• 1.1. Introduction
• 1.2. Definition and characteristics of the marine environment
• 1.3. Fundamental requirements for marine concrete structures
• 1.4. Standards and guidelines for design and construction of marine concrete structures
• 1.5. Book outline

Part One. Design, specification and construction of marineconcrete structures

2. Types of marine concrete structures

• 2.1. Port structures
• 2.2. Coastal structures
• 2.3. Sea water–retaining structures
• 2.4. Summary
• Sources of further information

3. Design and specification of marine concrete structures

• 3.1. Introduction to marine concrete structure design
• 3.2. Prescriptive versus performance-based specifications
• 3.3. Codes of practice for design and specification of marine concrete structures
• 3.4. Materials
• 3.5. Design of plain (unreinforced) concrete marine structures
• 3.6. Design of reinforced concrete marine structures
• 3.7. Particular considerations for the design and specification of structural components
• 3.8. Summary
• Sources of further information

4. Construction methodologies and challenges for marine concrete structures

• 4.1. Introduction
• 4.2. Marine construction methodologies: general issues
• 4.3. Particular construction challenges for different marine concrete structures
• 4.4. Particular aspects of underwater concrete construction
• 4.5. Marine construction specifications
• 4.6. Future challenges and opportunities
• Sources of further information and advice

Part Two. The performance and properties of concretein the marine environment

5. Deterioration of concrete in the marine environment

• 5.1. Introduction
• 5.2. The marine environment
• 5.3. Chemical mechanisms of concrete deterioration
• 5.4. Physical mechanisms of deterioration
• 5.5. Steel corrosion in the marine environment
• 5.6. Future challenges

6. The durability of concrete for marine construction: Materials and properties

• 6.1. Introduction
• 6.2. Desirable properties for marine concrete
• 6.3. Appropriate binders and cements
• 6.4. Aggregates and admixtures
• 6.5. Alternative reinforcement
• 6.6. Mix design and proportioning
• 6.7. Testing of marine concretes
• 6.8. Future trends
• Sources of further information and advice

7. Marine exposure environments and marine exposure sites

• 7.1. Introduction
• 7.2. Variability of marine exposure environments in terms of severity
• 7.3. Categorisation of marine exposure environments
• 7.4. Holistic approach to quantification of severity of marine exposure environments
• 7.5. Examples of marine sites around the world: field testing of marine concrete
• 7.6. Lessons learnt from past experience and studies
• 7.7. Future trends
• Sources of further information and advice

Part Three. Case studies on marine concrete and durability–based design

8. The Confederation Bridge

• 8.1. Introduction
• 8.2. Financial considerations
• 8.3. Design considerations
• 8.4. Bridge design
• 8.5. Concrete mix design
• 8.6. Ice shields
• 8.7. Field performance of the Confederation Bridge concretes
• 8.8. Conclusions

9. Marinas in the Arabian Gulf region

• 9.1. The development of marine concrete structures in the Arabian Gulf
• 9.2. Case study: construction and quality control of a reinforced concrete marina seawall (Heath and Alexander, 2012)
• 9.3. Conclusions

10. Notable Southern African marine structures

• 10.1. Introduction
• 10.2. Victoria and Alfred Waterfront development
• 10.3. New Port of Ngqura Harbour, Eastern Cape, South Africa
• 10.4. Durban Harbour entrance, Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa
• 10.5. Durban Maydon Wharf 12, Kwazulu-Natal
• 10.6. Rupert's Bay Wharf, St Helena Island, South Atlantic Ocean
• 10.7. Other notable marine structures
• Sources of further information

11. Danish strait crossings: Lillebælt, Storebælt, Øresund and Femern Bælt

• 11.1. Introduction
• 11.2. Concrete durability issues
• 11.3. The Lillebælt Bridges
• 11.4. The Storebælt Link 1997 (rail), 1998 (road)
• 11.5. The Øresund Link
• 11.6. The Femern Bælt Tunnel
• 11.7. Ownership and financing
• 11.8. Asset management
• 11.9. Conclusions

12. Coastal protection structures in the Netherlands

• 12.1. Introduction
• 12.2. Historical background to the Delta Project
• 12.3. Eastern Scheldt Storm Surge Barrier
• 12.4. Conclusions

13. Hong Kong—Zhuhai—Macau sea link project, China

• 13.1. Introduction to HZM project
• 13.2. Durability design: philosophy and procedure
• 13.3. Quality control in construction
• 13.4. Durability assessment
• 13.5. Life-cycle management
• 13.6. Conclusions

14. Concrete durability in small harbours: The Southern African experience

• 14.1. Background to small harbours
• 14.2. The seashore
• 14.3. Case studies of selected small harbour structures, or constructions of limited size
• 14.4. Ancillary durability issues
• 14.5. Conclusions

15. Concrete durability of the new Panama Canal: Background and aspects of testing

• 15.1. Introduction: background, brief details, locality
• 15.2. Details of the structures: structural form, layout, extent and complexity
• 15.3. Environment (salinity) of the marine concrete structures
• 15.4. Concrete design philosophy and basis
• 15.5. Particular aspects considered relating to durability
• 15.6. Construction aspects
• 15.7. Experimental program developed between GUPC and IETcc
• 15.8. LIFEPRED model for calculating service life (Andrade and Tavares, 2012)
• 15.9. Resistivity-based model (Andrade, 2004; Andrade et al., 2014, 2011)
• 15.10. Results
• 15.11. Analysis of results
• 15.12. Conclusions

16. Durability design of new concrete infrastructure for future development of Singapore City

• 16.1. Introduction
• 16.2. Durability design
• 16.3. Experimental work
• 16.4. Probability of corrosion
• 16.5. Discussion of results
• 16.6. Conclusions