Marine and Offshore Corrosion

Marine Engineering Series

1st Edition - December 19, 1984
Author: Kenneth A Chandler
Language: English
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 1 - 4 8 3 1 - 9 2 2 5 - 3

Marine and Offshore Corrosion describes the principles of effective corrosion control treatments in marine environments, with emphasis on economic solutions to corrosion. The book… Read more

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Marine and Offshore Corrosion describes the principles of effective corrosion control treatments in marine environments, with emphasis on economic solutions to corrosion. The book explains chemical or electrochemical reaction of an alloy with its environment leading to corrosion, and mechanical loss of the metal by erosion, abrasion, or wear resulting also in corrosion. A main consideration of erosion control that the engineer should look into is the economic side. Other considerations that he should investigate are the strength of a structure, time for construction, availability of materials, and costs. The book also discusses the marine environment consisting of sea water, temperature fluctuations, dissolved gases, hydrogen sulphide, ammonia, carbon dioxide, electrical conductivity, fouling. The text describes the selection of materials to be used in marine environments, surface preparation of steel before painting, the type of paint, and metallic coatings. Some of the factors in selecting coating systems are: cost and estimated life before the first scheduled maintenance, adhesion properties, moisture tolerance, elasticity, chemical resistance, impact resistance, bacterial resistance. The factors affecting maintenance include environmental conditions, quality of initial protection applied, type of structure, as well as the design and purpose of the structure. The book has been prepared for engineers and designers who are not corrosion specialists but have to deal with marine corrosion problems as part of their day-to-day professional activities. The text will also turn out to be useful for engineers with general interest in structure, building, or machinery maintenance specially those located near coastal areas.

PrefaceAcknowledgementsChapter 1 Introduction: The Control of Corrosion in Marine Environments 1.1 The Corrosion Process 1.2 Corrosion ControlChapter 2 Principles of Corrosion 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Why Metals Corrode 2.3 Rate and Form of Corrosion 2.4 Electrochemical Mechanism of Corrosion 2.5 Spontaneity of Reaction 2.6 Rates of Anodic and Cathodic Reactions 2.7 Corrosion Products 2.8 Equilibrium and Equilibrium Potentials 2.9 Measurement of Potentials of Half-Cells 2.10 Electrode Polarisation 2.11 Potential-pH Equilibrium Diagrams 2.12 Potential-Current Diagrams 2.13 Passivation 2.14 Anodic E-i Curves 2.15 Further ReadingChapter 3 Marine Environments 3.1 Sea Water 3.2 Temperature 3.3 Dissolved Gases 3.4 Hydrogen Sulphide and Ammonia 3.5 Carbon Dioxide 3.6 Electrical Conductivity 3.7 pH of Sea Water 3.8 Calcareous Scales 3.9 Global Variations in Sea Water 3.10 Fouling 3.11 Corrosion under Immersed Conditions 3.12 Atmospheric Marine Environments 3.13 ReferencesChapter 4 Forms of Corrosion 4.1 General Attack 4.2 Localised Corrosion 4.3 Selective Leaching 4.4 Intergranular Corrosion 4.5 Velocity Effects on Corrosion 4.6 Stress Corrosion Cracking 4.7 Corrosion Fatigue 4.8 Fretting Corrosion 4.9 Fretting Fatigue 4.10 Filiform Corrosion 4.11 Bimetallic Corrosion 4.12 High-Temperature Oxidation 4.13 The Role of Bacteria in Corrosion 4.14 ReferencesChapter 5 Ferrous Alloys 5.1 Carbon Steel 5.2 Low-Alloy Steels 5.3 Cast Irons 5.4 Stainless Steels 5.5 Special Stainless Steels for Sea Water 5.6 ReferencesChapter 6 Non-Ferrous Metals and Alloys 6.1 Copper and Copper-Base Alloys 6.2 Nickel Alloys 6.3 Aluminium and Aluminium Alloys 6.4 Titanium 6.5 Magnesium 6.6 Other Metals and Materials used in Marine Situations 6.7 ReferencesChapter 7 Design 7.1 Features that Promote Corrosion 7.2 Access for Maintenance 7.3 Environment Control in Structures 7.4 Special Situations 7.5 Bimetallic Corrosion 7.6 Flowing Water Systems 7.7 ReferencesChapter 8 The Selection of Materials for Marine Environments 8.1 Factors Involved in the Selection of Materials 8.2 Costs and Reliability 8.3 Quality Control 8.4 Corrosion Data 8.5 Materials for Salt Water Systems 8.6 General Summary 8.7 ReferencesChapter 9 Protective Coatings for Steelwork—Surface Preparation of Steel Before Painting 9.1 The Nature of the Steel Surface 9.2 Cleaning of Steelwork 9.3 Acid Pickling 9.4 Flame Cleaning 9.5 Standards for Surface Cleanliness 9.6 Surface Profile 9.7 Soluble Corrosion Products 9.8 Preparation of Welds 9.9 ReferencesChapter 10 Paint Coatings 10.1 Paint Systems 10.2 Pigments 10.3 Paint Additives, Solvents and Diluents 10.4 Binders 10.5 Types of Paint 10.6 High-Duty Coatings and Plastics Coatings 10.7 Wrapping Tapes 10.8 Paint Application 10.9 Temporary Protection 10.10 ReferencesChapter 11 Metallic Coatings 11.1 Methods of Applying Metal Coatings 11.2 Corrosion Protection by Metallic Coatings 11.3 Corrosion Data for Metallic Coatings in Marine Environments 11.4 Selection of Metal Coatings 11.5 Welded Areas 11.6 General Comments 11.7 ReferencesChapter 12 Attaining the Potential Performance of Coating Systems in Marine Environments 12.1 Specifications 12.2 Performance Specifications and Guarantees 12.3 Quality Control of the Application of Coatings 12.4 ReferenceChapter 13 The Selection of Coating Systems for Marine Environments 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Systems for General Marine Structures and InstallationsChapter 14 Maintenance Painting 14.1 The Need for Maintenance 14.2 Factors Affecting Maintenance 14.3 The Approach to Maintenance 14.4 Planning of Maintenance 14.5 Surveys for Maintenance 14.6 Treatment of Painted Steelwork 14.7 Treatment of Metal Coatings 14.8 ReferencesChapter 15 Control and Treatment of the Environment 15.1 Atmospheric Environments 15.2 Aqueous Environments 15.3 SummaryChapter 16 Cathodic Protection 16.1 Introduction 16.2 General Principles of Cathodic Protection 16.3 The Practical Application of Cathodic Protection 16.4 Applications of Cathodic Protection in Marine Situations 16.5 Cathodic Protection of Fixed Offshore Structures 16.6 Cathodic Protection of Harbours, Jetties and Related Facilities 16.7 Cathodic Protection of Submarine Pipelines and Outfalls 16.8 Cathodic Protection of Ships 16.9 ReferencesChapter 17 Offshore Structures for Oil and Gas Production 17.1 Economics 17.2 Environments and Corrosion Control 17.3 Maintenance 17.4 Surveys for Maintenance 17.5 Design 17.6 Fouling 17.7 Hot-Riser Corrosion 17.8 Downhole Corrosion 17.9 Hydrogen-Induced Cracking and Blistering 17.10 Sulphide Stress Cracking (SSC) 17.11 Corrosion fatigue 17.12 Submarine Pipelines 17.13 External Coatings for Submarine Pipelines 17.14 Quality Control of Submarine Pipeline Coatings 17.15 ReferencesChapter 18 Protective Coating of Ships 18.1 Protective Coatings for New Constructions 18.2 Maintenance of Ships' Coating Systems 18.3 ReferencesChapter 19 Steel Piling 19.1 Corrosion Rates 19.2 Protective Systems 19.3 ReferencesChapter 20 Reinforced Concrete, Wood and Plastics 20.1 Reinforced Concrete 20.2 Corrosion by Woods 20.3 Corrosion by Plastics 20.4 ReferencesChapter 21 Testing and Monitoring 21.1 Corrosion Testing 21.2 Types of Test 21.3 Laboratory Tests 21.4 Field Tests 21.5 Service Trials 21.6 Removal of Corrosion Products 21.7 Standards for Testing 21.8 Monitoring 21.9 ReferencesAppendixIndex